Iswekile yenye yezona zinto zityiwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulu ephuma kwimiba yeswekile kunye neebhithi zeswekile. Ukuvelisa iswekile esemgangathweni ophezulu yinkqubo enzima equka amanqanaba amaninzi: ukukhupha, ukucacisa, ukufunxa, ukwakheka kwekristale kunye nokucocwa. Kwinqanaba ngalinye lokucubungula iswekile, umgangatho kunye nobunyulu bejusi yeswekile kufuneka kulawulwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukungcola kwendalo, okufana namasuntswana e-colloidal, iiproteni, imibala kunye neentsholongwane, kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokucaca, ukuhluza kunye nokwakheka kwekristale.
Iikhemikhali zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokwenza iswekile. Ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo lweekhemikhali, ezi zinto zingcolileyo zinokubangela ukukala, iingxaki zombala kunye nokulahleka kwemveliso. Iikhemikhali zokwenza iswekile aziphuculi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nemveliso, kodwa zikwaphucula umgangatho wemveliso, zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye zincede iifektri zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Ezi khemikhali zinokuthi:
- Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucacisa kunye nesiphumo sokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo.
- Thintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane kwijusi yeziqhamo nakwisiraphu.
- Yonyusa isiphumo sokutshintsha umbala seswekile emhlophe ecoliweyo ecocekileyo kakhulu.
- Lawula ukwakheka kwegwebu kunye nobukhulu kwi-evaporator kunye ne-vacuum evaporator.
Eli nqaku lithatha ummoba njengomzekelo ukuze lichaze ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokwenza iswekile. Likwachaze nendlela iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo - ii-flocculants, ii-disinfectants, ii-decolorizing agents kunye nee-defoamers - ezisetyenziswe ngayo kwinqanaba ngalinye ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuveliswa kweswekile esemgangathweni ophezulu.
Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iswekile Nokusetyenziswa Kweekhemikhali
Ukulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza
Ukuveliswa kweswekile kuqala ngokuvunwa nokulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza. Ummoba uyahlanjwa uze unqunyulwe ukuze kususwe umhlaba, amatye kunye namagqabi. Kweli nqanaba, ukuba ijusi ishiywe imile ixesha elide, iya kuqala ukuzala iintsholongwane. Ukunciphisa umthwalo weentsholongwane kumphezulu wezinto eziluhlaza, ukuthintela ukungcola okanye ukonakala kwejusi yeswekile ngexesha lenkqubo yokuyisusa, ngamanye amaxesha amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane asetyenziswa kumphezulu womoba, emanzini okugcina okanye kwizixhobo zokucoca.
| Uhlobo lweSibulali-ntsholongwane | Ugxininiso olucetyiswayo | Indlela yesicelo | Imisebenzi ephambili | Ukulumkela | Iingenelo |
| I-Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | I-chlorine engena-50–200 ppm | Ukutshiza okanye ukumanzisa umphezulu womoba imizuzu emi-5–10 | Ukubulala iintsholongwane nge-wide-spectrum, kunciphisa umthwalo weentsholongwane | Uxinzelelo olulawulwayo (ngokubanzi yi-50–200 ppm engenayo i-chlorine). Kuphephe ukushiyeka kwe-chlorine eninzi kwijusi ukuthintela iingxaki zombala okanye ukwakheka kwekristale. Hlamba okanye ukhuphe amanzi emva kokusebenzisa ukuba kuyimfuneko. | Ukubulala iintsholongwane nge-spectrum ebanzi; ixabiso liphantsi. |
| I-Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | I-chlorine engena-50–150 ppm | Ukutshiza okanye ukumanzisa umphezulu womoba imizuzu emi-5–10 | Uzinzo oluphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala iintsholongwane | Lawula i-chlorine engenazo i-chlorine ukuze uphephe ukuphazamisa i-crystallization yejusi kunye nombala. | Izinzile ngakumbi kune-sodium hypochlorite; ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu; i-chlorine eseleyo elawulwayo; isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokulungisa ukutya. |
| I-Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Yongezwa emanzini okucoca okanye ekutshizeni umphezulu | Ukubulala iintsholongwane, akukho ntsalela, kunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo | Uxinzelelo lolawulo; ngokubanzi yi-0.1–0.5% yonyango lomphezulu. Phatha ngononophelo ngexesha lokusebenza. | Iyabola ngaphandle kwentsalela; ikhuselekile kwaye ayiyongozi kokusingqongileyo. |
| Amanzi ashushu / Umphunga | Amanzi ashushu kwi-80–90°C okanye ngomphunga kwi-100°C | Ukuhlamba ngamanzi ashushu okanye ngomphunga imizuzu emi-2-5 | Ukubulala iintsholongwane ngaphandle kokongeza iikhemikhali | Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu; kufuna izixhobo ezifanelekileyo; landela amanyathelo okhuseleko. | Akukho zongezo zeekhemikhali; kunciphisa iintsalela zeekhemikhali. |
| Ukucoca Izityalo/Indawo Yokucoca Amanzi | I-SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Ukucocwa kwezixhobo, izithuthi zothutho | Ithintela ungcoliseko lwesibini | Rhoqo tshintsha kwaye ujonge ubungakanani bekhlorine ekhululekileyo. | — |
Indlela Ecetyiswayo Yokuziqhelanisa
Xa ummoba ungena kumzi-mveliso, uqala ngokuhlanjwa ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuze kususwe umhlaba kunye nokungcola.
Emva koko, ukubulala iintsholongwane kumphezulu wenkunkuma kwenziwa ngokufafaza i-SDIC okanye i-sodium hypochlorite enoxinzelelo oluphantsi ngokweemeko.
Imithombo yamanzi kunye nezixhobo zokucoca zefektri yeswekile nazo kufuneka zihlanjululwe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imeko-bume icocekile.
Ukukhupha ijusi
Emva kwenyathelo lokuqala lokucoca nokubulala iintsholongwane. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukukhupha ijusi yomoba. Ijusi idla ngokukhutshwa ngeenkqubo zokucinezela ngoomatshini okanye iinkqubo zokusasaza. Eli nyathelo libandakanya ukuqhekeza isakhiwo esiqinileyo somoba kunye nokukhupha ijusi kuwo.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-sugar juicer inee-roller mills ezintathu ezidityaniswe ne-chopper okanye ii-rotary blades. Emva kokuba i-sugar juice icutshungulwe kwi-conveyor belt enye, iya kuthunyelwa kwenye i-conveyor belt ukuze kukhutshwe ijusi engakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuthutha, amanzi aya kuqala afefezwe ukuze kukhutshwe ijusi ngakumbi. Intsalela eseleyo emva kokuyixuba ibizwa ngokuba yi-bagasse.
Ijusi iqulethe ukungcola okunyibilikayo nokungashukumiyo, kuquka imicu yezityalo, iiproteni kwanamasuntswana omhlaba ahlanjwe ngokupheleleyo. Olu kungcola kufuneka luphathwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokucaciswa okulandelayo kunye nokwakheka kwekristale.
Ukucaciswa kweJusi yoMmoba
Ukucaciswa kwejusi yeyona nyathelo libalulekileyo kwinqanaba lokuqala lenkqubo yokwenza iswekile. Injongo kukususa ukungcola (okufana nomhlaba, iiproteni, i-colloid, i-organic acid, njl.njl.) kwijusi yomoba nokuphucula ubunyulu bayo. Ngokubanzi, iNkqubo yeLime iyasetyenziswa, idityaniswe nendlela ye-phosphorus flotation okanye indlela ye-carbonation.
Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali
Ilayimu (CaO)/ubisi lwelayimu (Ca(OH)2): Ithintela izinto ezine-asidi kwaye ibangela ukungcola.
Ikhabhoni diokside (CO2)2) (isetyenziswa kwindlela yokwenza i-carbonation): Iphendula kunye nelayimu ukwenza i-calcium carbonate precipitate, efunxa ukungcola.
Uncedo lwe-Flocculant/coagulant: Lunceda izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo zihlale ngokukhawuleza.
Isetyenziswa rhoqo: I-Polyaaluminium chloride (PAC), i-polyacrylamide (PAM), njl.
I-Sulfur (SO2) okanye i-sodium sulfite: Idlala indima ekukhanyeni, ekususeni umbala kunye nasekubulaleni iintsholongwane ekujikelezeni kwe-phosphorus.
Ukucoca kunye nokuFudumeza
Emva kokucaciswa, ijusi kufuneka ihluzwe ukuze kususwe intlenga. Ukufudumeza ijusi ngaphambi kokuba iphume umphunga kubalulekile, njengoko kunceda ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kwejusi kwaye kuthintele ukukhula kweentsholongwane.
Ukufuma kunye nokugxila
Ijusi yesiqhamo emva koko ixutywe kwisiraphu kusetyenziswa i-evaporator eneziphumo ezininzi, nto leyo enciphisa umswakama ukusuka kwi-85% ukuya kwi-30-40%. Ukufuma nge-vacuum cleaner kunceda ukugcina umgangatho weswekile, kodwa ikwanika nemingeni ethile yokusebenza:
- Iiproteni ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye nezinto ezibangela ukwakheka kwegwebu zibangela ukwakheka kwegwebu.
- Ukwakheka kwamanqwanqwa kumphezulu we-evaporator.
Usetyenziso lweeKhemikhali:
Ii-Defoamers: Ii-defoamers ezisekelwe kwi-silicone zokucinezela i-foam kubushushu obuphezulu. Ii-defoamers ezisekelwe kwi-polyether kunye ne-fatty alcohol zifanelekile kwiinkqubo zejusi yeziqhamo ezine-foam ephakathi.
Izithinteli/Izisasazi zeScale: Zithintela ukwakheka kwesikali secalcium carbonate okanye isulfate kwi-evaporator.
Impembelelo: Ulawulo lwegwebu olusebenzayo kunye nokuthintela isikali kuqinisekisa ukufuma okuthe tye, ukusebenza kakuhle kokudlulisa ubushushu, kunye nexesha elincinci lokungasebenzi.
Ukwenziwa kwekristale
Inkqubo yokwenza i-crystallization kwimveliso yeswekile (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-steaming) linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuguquleni isiraphu yeswekile exineneyo ibe ziikristale ze-sucrose eziqinileyo. Isiraphu exineneyo ibiliswa kwi-vacuum kettle ukuze kuqaliswe i-crystallization yeswekile. I-crystallization efanelekileyo ibalulekile ekuveliseni iswekile, ubungakanani bekristale, kunye nombala. Le yinkqubo enzima ye-physicochemical eyenzelwe ukulawula ubungakanani kunye nokufana kweekristale ze-sucrose ezikhawulezileyo.
Kule nkqubo kudla ngokusetyenziswa ii-defoamers. Ii-defoamers zilawula ukwakheka kwe-foam ngexesha lokubilisa, zithintela ukugcwala kwesiraphu.
Ukuqina kwekristale kwandisa isivuno seswekile kwaye kunciphisa ilahleko ngexesha lokufakwa kwe-centrifugation.
Ukwahlukanisa kunye nokwahlulahlula
Emva kokwenziwa kwekristale, iikristale zahlulwa kwi-molasses kusetyenziswa i-centrifuge zize zomiswe ngemibhobho eshushu. Iimolasses zinokusetyenzwa ngakumbi ukuze kuveliswe i-ethanol, ukutya kwezilwanyana, okanye ezinye iindlela.
Ukususa imibala kunye nokucocwa
Ukususa umbala kunye nokucocwa linqanaba lokugqibela kwinkqubo yokwenza iswekile, elisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni iswekile emhlophe ecociweyo necocekileyo (njengeswekile egayiweyo okanye iswekile yamatye). Eli nqanaba lifuna ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezininzi kunye nee-adsorbents.
Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka:
Ikhabhoni esebenzayo (umgubo okanye iigranules): Ifunxa iipolyphenols, i-caramel, kunye nezinye iipigment.
Ukususa umbala kwiiresini/iiresini zokutshintshiselana ngee-ion: Susa iikhompawundi ezinombala we-ionic kunye nee-non-ionic.
I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): I-oxidizes i-pigments eseleyo, ikhanyisa ngakumbi umbala wesiraphu.
Izinto zokususa umbala: Qinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso aphantsi e-ICUMSA kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokubonakala.
Oku kungasentla kuchaza iinkqubo eziphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kwishishini leswekile.
Bonisa iiKhemikhali eziNxulumeneyo:
Aphathwa njani amanzi amdaka avela kwishishini leswekile?
Iifektri zeswekile zivelisa amanzi amdaka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa iswekile. La manzi amdaka ayinkimbinkimbi ngomgangatho kwaye anomthwalo ophezulu wongcoliseko, afuna ukucocwa kwamanzi ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba akhutshwe.
Amanzi amdaka aphuma kakhulu ekuhlanjweni kwezinto eziluhlaza, ekucocweni kwezixhobo, ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi amdaka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iswekile, emanzini apholisayo/amanzi abandayo, nasekufakweni kwebhoyila. La manzi amdaka abonakala nge-COD ephezulu kakhulu kunye ne-BOD (ngenxa yomxholo weswekile), umxholo ophezulu wezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, ukubola okunamandla, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha aqulethe ioyile kunye ne-silt. Ke ngoko, indibaniselwano yeenkqubo—unyango lwangaphambi konyango + ukujiya kunye nokugaywa + unyango lwebhayoloji + unyango oluphambili—ihlala isetyenziswa ukunyanga la manzi amdaka. Iindlela zonyango eziqhelekileyo ziquka unyango lomzimba (njengokugaywa kunye nokuhluzwa), unyango lwamakhemikhali (njengokugaywa kunye nokungaguquki), kunye nonyango lwebhayoloji (njengeenkqubo zodaka olusebenzayo kunye neendawo ezimanzi ezakhiweyo).
Zeziphi iikhemikhali ezifunekayo ukunyanga amanzi amdaka avela kwishishini leswekile?
Amanyathelo athile kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zezi zilandelayo:
| Inqanaba loNyango | Injongo | Iikhemikhali ezicetyiswayo | Imisebenzi ephambili |
| 1. Ukuhlamba Izinto Eziluhlaza kunye Nonyango Oluphambili | Susa isanti, udaka, imicu, izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo | I-PAC (iPolyaluminum Chloride) | Ukujiya ngokukhawuleza, ukususwa kwe-SS kunye nokudumba |
| I-PAM (iPolyacrylamide) – i-Anionic/engeyiyo i-ionic | Ukwakheka kwefloc, kuphucula ukuzinza kwayo | ||
| Isifihli | Ilawula igwebu eliveliswayo ngexesha lokuhlamba umoba kunye nokutsalwa kwejusi | ||
| 2. Ukulingana kunye nohlengahlengiso lwe-pH | Zinzisa umgangatho ochaphazelayo, lungisa i-pH kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi | Ilayimu (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Inyusa i-pH, isuse ubulukhuni obungaphelelanga |
| I-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH oluchanekileyo | ||
| I-Acid yeSulfuric / i-Acid yeHydrochloric | Yehlisa i-pH | ||
| Isifihli | Yehlisa igwebu kwindawo yokulinganisa | ||
| 3. Ukujiya kunye nokuQokelela (Ukususwa kweNkunkuma okuPhambili) | Susa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, ii-colloids, faka umbala; nciphisa i-COD | I-PAC / i-PolyDADMAC / i-Polyamine | Ii-coagulants eziphambili zokususa umbala kunye nokudumba |
| I-PAM (i-Anionic) | Iphucula amandla e-floc kunye nesantya sokuzinza | ||
| Izinto ezincedisa ukuxinana kwegazi (umz., iMagnesium Silicate) | Iphucula ukucaca kunye nokusebenza kakuhle | ||
| 4. Unyango lwebhayoloji olungena-anaerobic (UASB, EGSB) | Nciphisa umthwalo ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo (i-COD, i-BOD) | Izongezo zeZondlo (imithombo ye-N kunye ne-P) | Gcina umsebenzi weentsholongwane kunye ne-biomass esempilweni |
| Izilungisi ze-pH | Gcina i-pH efanelekileyo (6.8–7.2) kwiintsholongwane ezingena-anaerobic | ||
| Isifihli | Ithintela igwebu elinxulumene ne-biogas | ||
| 5. Unyango lwe-Aerobic (i-Activated Sludge, i-SBR) | Ukunciphisa ngakumbi i-COD, i-BOD, i-ammonia | Izongezo zeZondlo (N & P) | Nika izondlo ezilinganayo kwiintsholongwane |
| Isifihli | Ilawula igwebu ngexesha lokungenisa umoya | ||
| Ii-enzymes zeBio / Iinkcubeko zeMicrobial | Iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo | ||
| 6. Unyango Oluphezulu (Ukuba imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha umntwana iyasebenza) | Phucula ukucaca, susa i-COD eseleyo, i-SS, umbala | I-Polyamine / i-PolyDADMAC | Ukususa umbala ngamandla kunye nokususwa kokungcola |
| I-PAC | Ukususwa kwe-SS eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-colloid | ||
| I-PAM (Ubunzima obuphezulu beMolekyuli) | Ukucoca kunye nokupholisha kokugqibela | ||
| Ikhabhoni esebenzayo | Isusa umbala, ivumba, kunye neentsalela zezinto eziphilayo | ||
| 7. Ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi | Qinisekisa ukhuseleko lweentsholongwane xa zikhutshwa okanye zisetyenziswa kwakhona | I-Calcium Hypochlorite | Ukubulala iintsholongwane okunamandla |
| I-Sodium Hypochlorite | Isibulali-ntsholongwane esiqhelekileyo sokulinganisa kwi-intanethi | ||
| I-SDIC (iSodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Ukukhutshwa kwe-chlorine okuzinzileyo nokuhlala ixesha elide | ||
| I-TCCA (i-Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) | Umxholo ophezulu we-chlorine, i-chlorination ekhutshwa kancinci |
Ukuveliswa kweswekile yinkqubo enzima yemizi-mveliso efuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye—ukusuka ekulungisweni kwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokucwiliswa kweswekile ukuya ekucacisweni, ukufuma, ukwenziwa kwekristale, ukucocwa, kunye nonyango lwamanzi amdaka. Inqanaba ngalinye linemingeni yalo, kubandakanya izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, umbala, umsebenzi weentsholongwane, ukwakheka kwefoam, kunye nokwakheka kwesikali. Ngokudibanisa iikhemikhali ezifanelekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo yokuveliswa kweswekile, iifektri zeswekile zinokunyusa imveliso, ziphucule umgangatho wekristale, ziphucule umbala, zinciphise ilahleko, kwaye zinciphise ixesha lokungasebenzi. Kwangaxeshanye, izisombululo zeekhemikhali ezilungisiweyo zinegalelo ekukhuselweni kwendalo ngonyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi lwamanzi amdaka kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma yeekhemikhali.
Ukukhetha iqabane elifanelekileyo leekhemikhali kuvumela iifektri zeswekile ukuba ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, ziqinisekise umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo, zandise ubomi bezixhobo, kwaye zifezekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwexesha elide.