Iinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezicelo zemichiza
Imvelaphi
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini, ukubaluleka kokucocwa kwamanzi kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso kuya kubonakala ngakumbi. Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso akulona nje ikhonkco elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa inkqubela phambili egudileyo yenkqubo, kodwa nomlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuhlangabezana nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo kunye neemfuno zophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Uhlobo loNyango lwaManzi
| Uhlobo lonyango lwamanzi | Injongo ephambili | Izinto eziphambili zonyango | Iinkqubo eziphambili. |
| Ukucocwa kwamanzi akrwada | Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi asekhaya okanye amashishini | Umthombo wamanzi endalo | Ukuhluzwa, intlenga, icoagulation. |
| Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi | Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo ethile | Amanzi enkqubo yoshishino | Ukuthambisa, ukukhupha ityuwa, ukukhupha umoya. |
| Ukujikeleza unyango lwamanzi okupholisa | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo | Ukujikeleza kwamanzi okupholisa | Unyango lokudosa. |
| Ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka | Khusela okusingqongileyo | Amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso | Unyango lomzimba, lwekhemikhali, lwebhayoloji. |
| Ukucocwa kwamanzi asetyenzisiweyo | Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi amatsha | Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo | Kuyafana nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. |
Amachiza asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo oNyango lwaManzi
| Udidi | Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo | Umsebenzi |
| I-arhente ehambayo | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njl. | Susa izinto eziqinileyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo |
| Izibulali ntsholongwane | ezifana TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, njl | Ubulala iimicroorganisms emanzini (ezifana neebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye neprotozoa) |
| isilungisi pH | I-aminosulfonic acid, i-NaOH, ikalika, i-asidi ye-sulfuric, njl. | Ukulawula i-pH yamanzi |
| Iintsimbi zokususa i-ion | EDTA,Ion exchange resin | Susa iiyoni zentsimbi enzima (ezifana nentsimbi, ubhedu, ilothe, i-cadmium, imekyuri, nickel, njl. njl.) kunye nezinye ii-ion zentsimbi eziyingozi emanzini. |
| Inhibitor yesikali | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwesikali nge-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion. Kwakhona kunempembelelo ethile yokususa ioni zetsimbi |
| I-Deoxidizer | I-sodium sulfite, i-hydrazine, njl. | Susa ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo ukuthintela ukubola kweoksijini |
| I-arhente yokucoca | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Susa isikali kunye nokungcola |
| Ii-oxidants | i-ozone, i-persulfate, i-hydrogen chloride, i-hydrogen peroxide, njl. | Ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wamanzi, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa | ezifana nekalika kunye nesodium carbonate. | Isusa ii-ion zobunzima (i-calcium, i-magnesium ions) kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wokwakheka kwesikali |
| Defoamers/I-Antifoam | Cindezela okanye uphelise amagwebu | |
| Ukususwa | Icalcium Hypochlorite | susa i-NH₃-N kumanzi amdaka ukuze ihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha |
Iikhemikhali zokucocwa kwamanzi esinokuzibonelela ngazo:
Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso kubhekiselele kwinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi avela kwimizi-mveliso kunye nokukhupha amanzi ngokusetyenziswa kwenyama, imichiza, ibhayoloji kunye nezinye iindlela. Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso yinxalenye eyimfuneko kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, kwaye ukubaluleka kwayo kubonakaliswa kule miba ilandelayo:
1.1 Qinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso
Susa ukungcola emanzini okufana nee-ion zetsimbi, izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, njl.njl. ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso.
Inhibit corrosion: Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, i-carbon dioxide, njl.njl emanzini inokubangela ukugqwala kwezixhobo zentsimbi kwaye inciphise ubomi besixhobo.
Ukulawula ii-microorganisms: I-bacteria, i-algae kunye nezinye i-microorganisms emanzini zingabangela ukungcoliswa kwemveliso, okuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwempilo.
1.2 Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso
Ukunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla: Ukunyangwa kwamanzi rhoqo kunokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukulinganiswa kwezixhobo kunye nokubola, ukunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kokugcinwa kwezixhobo kunye nokutshintshwa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
Lungiselela iimeko zenkqubo: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, umgangatho wamanzi ohlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo unokufumaneka ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwenkqubo yokuvelisa.
1.3 Ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso
Yonga amandla: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo kunokucuthwa kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa zinokugcinwa.
Ukuthintela ukulinganisa: I-ion ezilukhuni ezifana ne-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion emanzini ziya kwenza isikali, zibambelele kumphezulu wesixhobo, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokushisa.
Yandisa ubomi besixhobo: Nciphisa umhlwa kunye nokukalwa kwezixhobo, ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuhla kwexabiso lezixhobo.
Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, inkunkuma ye-biocides ingancitshiswa kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa zingancitshiswa.
Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziluhlaza: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, izinto eziseleyo eziseleyo kulwelo olulahlwayo zinokufunyanwa kwaye zibuyiselwe kwimveliso, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe inkcitho yezinto ezikrwada kwaye kuthotywe iindleko zemveliso.
1.4 Khusela okusingqongileyo
Nciphisa ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko: Emva kokuba amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ecociwe, ukuxinwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisayo kunokuncipha kwaye okusingqongileyo kwamanzi kunokukhuselwa.
Qonda ukurisayikilishwa kobutyebi bamanzi: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, amanzi avela kwimizi-mveliso anokuphinda asetyenziswe kwaye ukuxhomekeka kubutyebi bamanzi amatsha kunokuncipha.
1.5 Ukuthobela imigaqo yokusingqongileyo
Hlangana nemigangatho yokukhupha: Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso kufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwelizwe kunye neyengingqi, kwaye ukucocwa kwamanzi yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphumeza le njongo.
Isishwankathelo, unyango lwamanzi amashishini aluhambelani kuphela nomgangatho wemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kodwa kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kwamashishini. Ngokucocwa kwamanzi ngokwenzululwazi nangengqiqo, ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo kunokuphunyezwa kwaye uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lunokukhuthazwa.
Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweenkalo, kubandakanywa amandla, iikhemikhali, amayeza, isinyithi, amashishini okutya kunye nesiselo, njl.
2.1 Amachiza kunye neMithetho-siseko yoNyango olunempembelelo (Unyango lwaManzi akrwada)
Ukulungiswa kwamanzi akrwada kunyango lwamanzi akwimizi-mveliso ikakhulu kubandakanya ukuhluzwa okusisiseko, ukujiya, ukushukuma, intlenga, ukuphaphazela, ukubulala iintsholongwane, uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH, ukususwa kwe-ion yesinyithi kunye nokuhluzwa kokugqibela. Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka:
I-Coagulants kunye ne-flocculants: njenge-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, i-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njl.
I-Softeners: njenge-lime kunye ne-sodium carbonate.
Izibulali-ntsholongwane: ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, iCalcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njl.
Izilungisi ze-pH: ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njl.
I-metal ion removersEDTA, i-Ion exchange resin njl.,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl.
I-Adsorbents: njengekhabhoni esebenzayo, i-alumina esebenzayo, njl.
Ukudibanisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi khemikhali kunokunceda unyango lwamanzi amashishini ngokufanelekileyo lususe izinto ezimisiweyo, izinto ezingcolileyo eziphilayo, i-ion zetsimbi kunye ne-microorganisms emanzini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uhlangabezana neemfuno zokuvelisa, kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo wonyango olulandelayo.
2.2 Iikhemikhali kunye neMithetho-siseko yeNkqubo yokuCocwa kwamanzi
Inkqubo yonyango lwamanzi kunyango lwamanzi lwemizi-mveliso ikakhulu ibandakanya ukunyangwa kwangaphambili, ukuthambisa, i-deoxidation, ukususwa kwentsimbi kunye nemanganese, ukukhutshwa kwetyuwa, ukuvala inzala kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Inyathelo ngalinye lifuna iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo zokwandisa umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. Iikhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
| Iicoagulants kunye neeflocculants: | njengePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nekalika kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali ntsholongwane: | ezifana TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| izilungelelanisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ion zesinyithi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| IiAdsorbents: | njengekhabhoni esebenzayo, i-alumina esebenzayo, njl. |
Ezi khemikhali zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamanzi enkqubo ngokusebenzisa imidibaniso eyahlukeneyo yokucocwa kwamanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uhlangabezana nemigangatho yokuvelisa, ukunciphisa umngcipheko womonakalo wezixhobo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
2.3 Imichiza kunye neMithetho-siseko yokuSetyenziswa koNyango lwaManzi okupholisa
Ukucocwa kwamanzi okujikeleza okujikelezayo kuyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yonyango lwamanzi amashishini, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino (ezifana nezityalo zekhemikhali, izityalo zamandla, izityalo zetsimbi, njl.), apho iinkqubo zamanzi zokupholisa zisetyenziselwa ngokubanzi izixhobo zokupholisa kunye neenkqubo. Iinkqubo ezijikelezayo zamanzi okupholisa ziyakwazi ukunyusa, ukubola, ukukhula kwe-microbial kunye nezinye iingxaki ngenxa yomthamo wabo omkhulu wamanzi kunye nokujikeleza rhoqo. Ngoko ke, iindlela ezisebenzayo zokunyanga amanzi kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukulawula ezi ngxaki kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwenkqubo.
Ukucocwa kwamanzi okupholisa okujikelezayo kujolise ekuthinteleni ukukala, ukubola kunye nokungcoliseka kwebhayoloji kwinkqubo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa. Ukubeka iliso kwiiparamitha eziphambili kumanzi okupholisa (njenge-pH, ubunzima, i-turbidity, i-oxygen echithwe, i-microorganisms, njl.) kwaye uhlalutye iingxaki zomgangatho wamanzi kunyango olujoliswe kuyo.
| Iicoagulants kunye neeflocculants: | njengePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nekalika kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali ntsholongwane: | ezifana TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| izilungelelanisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ion zesinyithi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| IiAdsorbents: | njengekhabhoni esebenzayo, i-alumina esebenzayo, njl. |
Ezi khemikhali kunye neendlela zonyango zinceda ukukhusela ukulinganisa, ukubola, kunye nokungcoliswa kwe-microbial, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwexesha elide lenkqubo yamanzi okupholisa, ukunciphisa umonakalo wezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
2.4 Amachiza kunye neMithetho-siseko yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka
Inkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amaninzi ngokweempawu zamanzi amdaka kunye neenjongo zonyango, ikakhulu kubandakanywa ukunyangwa kwangaphambili, i-asidi-base neutralization, ukususwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, unyango oluphakathi kunye noluphambili, ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kunye nokuvala inzalo, unyango lwe-sludge kunye nokulungiswa kwamanzi asetyenzisiweyo. Ikhonkco ngalinye lifuna iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ukuba zisebenze kunye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokucokiseka kwenkqubo yokucoca amanzi amdaka.
Ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kwahlulwe ngokweendlela ezintathu eziphambili: ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho yokukhupha nokunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.
Indlela yomzimba:intlenga, ukuhluzwa, ukuphaphatheka, njl.
Indlela yekhemikhali:i-neutralization, i-redox, imvula yeekhemikhali.
Indlela yebhayoloji:indlela ye-sludge esebenzayo, i-membrane bioreactor (MBR), njl.
Iikhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
| Iicoagulants kunye neeflocculants: | njengePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nekalika kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali ntsholongwane: | ezifana TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| izilungelelanisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-lime, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ion zesinyithi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| IiAdsorbents: | njengekhabhoni esebenzayo, i-alumina esebenzayo, njl. |
Ngokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezi khemikhali, amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso anokucocwa aze alahlwe ngokuthobela imigangatho, kwaye aphinde asetyenziswe, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni ukungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi.
2.5 Iikhemikhali kunye neMithetho-siseko yokuCocwa kwaManzi aRecycled
Ukucocwa kwamanzi asetyenzisiweyo kubhekiselele kwindlela yolawulo lobutyebi bamanzi ephinda isebenzise amanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso emva kokucocwa. Ngokunyuka kokunqongophala kobutyebi bamanzi, iindawo ezininzi zoshishino ziye zamkela amanyathelo okucoca amanzi asetyenzisiweyo, angagcini nje kuphela izibonelelo zamanzi, kodwa anciphisa iindleko zonyango kunye nokukhutshwa. Isitshixo sokucocwa kwamanzi asetyenzisiweyo kukususa ungcoliseko kumanzi amdaka ukuze umgangatho wamanzi uhlangabezane neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwakhona, nto leyo efuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokusebenza kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi asetyenziswe ngokutsha ikakhulu ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
Unyango lwangaphambili:susa amasuntswana amakhulu okungcola kunye negrisi, usebenzisa iPAC, iPAM, njl.
Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH:lungisa i-pH, iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-sodium hydroxide, i-sulfuric acid, i-calcium hydroxide, njl.
Unyango lwebhayoloji:susa izinto eziphilayo, ukuxhasa ukuchithwa kwe-microbial, sebenzisa i-ammonium chloride, i-sodium dihydrogen phosphate, njl.
Unyango lweMichiza:ukususwa kwe-oxidative yezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinyithi ezinzima, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-ozone, i-persulfate, i-sodium sulfide, njl.
Ukwahlulwa kweMembrane:sebenzisa i-osmosis eguqukayo, i-nanofiltration, kunye neteknoloji ye-ultrafiltration ukususa izinto ezinyibilikileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wamanzi.
Ukubulala iintsholongwane:susa ii-microorganisms, sebenzisa i-chlorine, i-ozone, i-calcium hypochlorite, njl.
Ukubeka iliso kunye nohlengahlengiso:Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi asetyenziswe kwakhona ahlangabezana nemigangatho kwaye asebenzise abalawuli kunye nezixhobo zokubeka iliso ukulungiselela uhlengahlengiso.
Defoamers:Bacinezela okanye baphelise i-foam ngokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wolwelo kunye nokutshabalalisa ukuzinza kwe-foam. (Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwe-defoamers: iinkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji, unyango lwamanzi amdaka amachiza, unyango lwamanzi amdaka axutywe ngamayeza, ukucocwa kokutya kwamanzi amdaka, ukwenza amaphepha amdaka, njl.njl.)
I-calcium hypochlorite:Zisusa izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezifana neammonia nitrogen
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo kunye neekhemikhali ziqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi amdaka acociweyo uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwakhona, evumela ukuba isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yanamhlanje yamashishini. Inkqubo yayo kunye nokukhethwa kweekhemikhali kufuneka kuphuculwe ngokweemfuno zenkqubo ethile. Ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kweekhemikhali akunakuphucula kuphela umphumo wonyango, kodwa nokunciphisa iindleko kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo kwindalo. Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokuphuculwa kweteknoloji kunye nokuphuculwa kweemfuno zokusingqongileyo, unyango lwamanzi amashishini luya kuphuhliswa ngendlela ehlakaniphile kunye neyohlaza.