Iinkqubo zokuNyangwa kwamanzi kwiMizi-mveliso kunye noSetyenziso lweeKhemikhali
Imvelaphi
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, ukubaluleka kokucocwa kwamanzi kwimveliso eyahlukeneyo yemizi-mveliso kuya kubonakala ngakumbi. Ukucocwa kwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso akusiyo nje ikhonkco elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa inkqubela phambili ethe tye yenkqubo, kodwa ikwayindlela ephambili yokuhlangabezana nemithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye neemfuno zophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Uhlobo Lonyango Lwamanzi
| Uhlobo lonyango lwamanzi | Injongo ephambili | Izinto eziphambili zonyango | Iinkqubo eziphambili. |
| Unyango lwangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi aluhlaza | Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi asekhaya okanye amashishini | Amanzi emithombo yendalo yamanzi | Ukuhluza, ukunyibilika, ukujiya. |
| Inkqubo yonyango lwamanzi | Hlangana neemfuno ezithile zenkqubo | Amanzi enkqubo yemizi-mveliso | Ukuthambisa, ukususa ityuwa emzimbeni, ukususa ioksijini emzimbeni. |
| Unyango lwamanzi okupholisa olujikelezayo | Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo | Ukujikeleza amanzi okupholisa | Unyango lokulinganisa. |
| Unyango lwamanzi amdaka | Khusela okusingqongileyo | Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso | Unyango lomzimba, lwekhemikhali, nolwebhayoloji. |
| Unyango lwamanzi olusetyenzisiweyo | Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi acocekileyo | Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo | Kufana nonyango lwamanzi amdaka. |
Iikhemikhali zoNyango lwaManzi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo
| Udidi | Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa rhoqo | Umsebenzi |
| Iarhente yokucoca i-flocculating | I-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ii-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njl. | Susa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo |
| Izibulali-ntsholongwane | ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, njl. | Ibulala iintsholongwane emanzini (ezifana neebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, iifungi kunye neprotozoa) |
| isilungisi se-pH | I-Aminosulfonic acid, i-NaOH, ilayimu, i-sulfuric acid, njl. | Lawula i-pH yamanzi |
| Izisusi ze-ion zesinyithi | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin | Susa ii-ion zesinyithi ezinzima (ezifana nentsimbi, ubhedu, i-lead, i-cadmium, i-mercury, i-nickel, njl.njl.) kunye nezinye ii-ion zesinyithi eziyingozi emanzini |
| Isithinteli sesikali | Ii-Organophosphates, ii-organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwezikali nge-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ions. Kwakhona kunefuthe elithile lokususa ii-ion zesinyithi |
| I-Deoxidizer | I-Sodium sulfite, i-hydrazine, njl. | Susa ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo ukuze uthintele ukubola kweoksijini |
| Iarhente yokucoca | I-asidi ye-citric, i-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-asidi ye-aminosulfonic | Susa isikali kunye nokungcola |
| Ii-Oxidants | i-ozone, i-persulfate, i-hydrogen chloride, i-hydrogen peroxide, njl. | Ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wamanzi, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa | ezifana nelayimu kunye nesodium carbonate. | Isusa ii-ion zobunzima (i-calcium, i-magnesium ions) kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wokwakheka kwesikali |
| Izihlazo/I-Antifoam | Cima okanye ususe igwebu | |
| Ukususwa | I-Calcium Hypochlorite | susa i-NH₃-N emanzini amdaka ukuze ihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha |
Iikhemikhali zoNyango lwaManzi esinokuzibonelela ngazo:
Unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso lubhekisa kwinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi kwimizi-mveliso kunye namanzi aphumayo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zomzimba, iikhemikhali, zebhayoloji kunye nezinye. Unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso kwimizi-mveliso, kwaye ukubaluleka kwalo kubonakala kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
1.1 Qinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso
Susa ukungcola emanzini okufana nee-ion zesinyithi, izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, njl.njl. ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemveliso kwaye kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wemveliso.
Nqanda ukugqwala: Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, ikharbon diokside, njl.njl. emanzini inokubangela ukugqwala kwezixhobo zesinyithi kwaye inciphise ubomi bezixhobo.
Lawula iintsholongwane: Iintsholongwane, ulwelwe kunye nezinye iintsholongwane emanzini zinokubangela ungcoliseko lwemveliso, nto leyo echaphazela umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwempilo.
1.2 Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso
Nciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi: Ukucoca amanzi rhoqo kunokuthintela ngempumelelo ukwanda kwezixhobo kunye nokugqwala, kunciphise ukugcinwa nokutshintshwa kwezixhobo rhoqo, ngaloo ndlela kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
Lungisa iimeko zenkqubo: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, umgangatho wamanzi ohlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo ungafunyanwa ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwenkqubo yemveliso.
1.3 Nciphisa iindleko zemveliso
Gcina umbane: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo kunokunciphisa kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa zinokongiwa.
Ukuthintela ukurhawuzelelwa: Ii-ion zokuqina ezifana nee-ion ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium emanzini ziya kwenza isikali, zinamathele kumphezulu wesixhobo, zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhambisa ubushushu.
Yandisa ubomi bezixhobo: Yehlisa ukugqwala kunye nokukhula kwezixhobo, yandisa ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo, kwaye yehlise iindleko zokwehla kwexabiso lezixhobo.
Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, inkunkuma yezinto ezibulala iintsholongwane ingancitshiswa kwaye iindleko zokuvelisa zingancitshiswa.
Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, izinto eziluhlaza eziseleyo kulwelo olungcolileyo zinokufunyanwa ziphinde zibuyiselwe kwimveliso, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe inkunkuma yezinto eziluhlaza kwaye kuncitshiswe iindleko zemveliso.
1.4 Khusela okusingqongileyo
Nciphisa ukukhutshwa kokungcola: Emva kokuba amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ecociwe, ubuninzi bokukhutshwa kokungcola bunokuncipha kwaye imeko-bume yamanzi inokukhuselwa.
Qaphela indlela yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwemithombo yamanzi: Ngokucocwa kwamanzi, amanzi emizi-mveliso anokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yamanzi acocekileyo kunokuncipha.
1.5 Thobela imithetho yokusingqongileyo
Hlangana nemigangatho yokukhupha ukungcola: Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso kufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha ukungcola kazwelonke nowengingqi, kwaye unyango lwamanzi yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufezekisa le njongo.
Ngamafutshane, unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso aluhambelani nje kuphela nomgangatho wemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kodwa lukwanxulumene neenzuzo zoqoqosho kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kwamashishini. Ngokusebenzisa unyango lwamanzi ngokwesayensi nangokufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqibeleleyo kwezixhobo zamanzi kunokufezekiswa kwaye uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwemizi-mveliso lunokukhuthazwa.
Unyango lwamanzi oluvela kwimizi-mveliso lugubungela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka umbane, amachiza, amayeza, isinyithi, amashishini okutya neziselo, njl. Inkqubo yalo yonyango idla ngokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokweemfuno zomgangatho wamanzi kunye nemigangatho yokukhupha amanzi.
2.1 Iikhemikhali kunye nemigaqo yoNyango olunefuthe (Unyango lwangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi aluhlaza)
Unyango lwamanzi aluhlaza kunyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso lubandakanya ikakhulu ukuhluzwa okuphambili, ukujiya, ukuqunjelwa, ukutyibilika, ukudada, ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukulungiswa kwe-pH, ukususwa kwee-ion zesinyithi kunye nokuhluzwa kokugqibela. Iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka:
IiCoagulants kunye neeFlocculants: ezifana nePAC, iPAM, iPDADMAC, iipolyamines, ialuminium sulfate, njl.njl.
Izithambisi: ezifana nelayimu kunye nesodium carbonate.
Iintsholongwane: ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, iCalcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njl.
Izilungisi ze-pH: ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, ilayimu, i-sulfuric acid, njl.
Ii-ion zesinyithi i-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin njl.njl.,
isithinteli sesikali: ii-organophosphates, ii-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl.
Ii-Adsorbents: ezifana ne-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njl.
Ukudityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwezi khemikhali kunokunceda unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso ekususeni ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezixhonyiweyo, ungcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo, ii-ion zesinyithi kunye neentsholongwane emanzini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uyahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso, kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo wonyango olulandelayo.
2.2 Iikhemikhali kunye nemigaqo yoNyango lwaManzi lweNkqubo
Unyango lwamanzi olucwangcisiweyo kunyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso lubandakanya ikakhulu unyango lwangaphambi kwexesha, ukuthambisa, ukukhupha i-oxidation, ukususwa kwentsimbi kunye ne-manganese, ukukhupha ityuwa, ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Inyathelo ngalinye lifuna iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ukuphucula umgangatho wamanzi nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. Iikhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
| Izinto ezibangela ukuxinana kwegazi kunye nee-flocculants: | ezifana ne-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ii-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nelayimu kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-ntsholongwane: | ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, ilayimu, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ze-ion zesinyithi: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | ii-organophosphates, ii-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| Izithambisi: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njl. |
Ezi khemikhali zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamanzi enkqubo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga amanzi, ziqinisekise ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yemveliso, zinciphise umngcipheko wokonakala kwezixhobo, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
2.3 Iikhemikhali kunye nemigaqo yokuhambisa amanzi apholisayo
Ukucoca amanzi okupholisa ngamanzi yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokucoca amanzi kwimizi-mveliso, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino (ezifana nezityalo zeekhemikhali, izityalo zamandla, izityalo zentsimbi, njl.njl.), apho iinkqubo zamanzi okupholisa zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zokupholisa neenkqubo. Iinkqubo zamanzi okupholisa amanzi ajikelezayo zisengozini yokukhuhla, ukugqwala, ukukhula kweentsholongwane kunye nezinye iingxaki ngenxa yomthamo wazo omkhulu wamanzi kunye nokujikeleza rhoqo. Ke ngoko, iindlela ezisebenzayo zonyango lwamanzi kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukulawula ezi ngxaki kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwenkqubo.
Unyango lwamanzi okupholisa olujikeleza umhlaba lujolise ekuthinteleni ukurhawuzelelwa, ukugqwala kunye nongcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo kwinkqubo kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa. Jonga iiparameter eziphambili emanzini okupholisa (ezifana ne-pH, ubulukhuni, ukufuma, ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo, iintsholongwane, njl.njl.) kwaye uhlalutye iingxaki zomgangatho wamanzi ukuze kulungiswe unyango olujoliswe kuwo.
| Izinto ezibangela ukuxinana kwegazi kunye nee-flocculants: | ezifana ne-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ii-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nelayimu kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-ntsholongwane: | ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, ilayimu, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ze-ion zesinyithi: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | ii-organophosphates, ii-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| Izithambisi: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njl. |
Ezi khemikhali kunye neendlela zonyango zinceda ekuthinteleni ukukrala, ukugqwala, kunye nongcoliseko lweentsholongwane, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide kwenkqubo yamanzi okupholisa, ukunciphisa umonakalo wezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.
2.4 Iikhemikhali kunye nemigaqo yoNyango lwaManzi amdaka
Inkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amaninzi ngokweempawu zamanzi amdaka kunye neenjongo zokucocwa, ikakhulu kubandakanya ukucocwa kwangaphambili, ukucocwa kwe-asidi-base, ukususwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, unyango oluphakathi noluphambili, ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, unyango lwedaka kunye nonyango lwamanzi asetyenzisiweyo. Ikhonkco ngalinye lifuna iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ukuze zisebenzisane ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokucocwa kwenkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Unyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso lwahlulwe ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: ezomzimba, ezekhemikhali nezebhayoloji, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho yokukhupha ukungcola kunye nokunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.
Indlela yokusebenza:ukugalelwa kwenkunkuma, ukuhluzwa, ukudada, njl.njl.
Indlela yekhemikhali:ukunganyamezeli, i-redox, imvula yamakhemikhali.
Indlela yebhayoloji:indlela yodaka olusebenzayo, i-membrane bioreactor (MBR), njl.
Iikhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
| Izinto ezibangela ukuxinana kwegazi kunye nee-flocculants: | ezifana ne-PAC, i-PAM, i-PDADMAC, ii-polyamines, i-aluminium sulfate, njl. |
| Izinto zokuthambisa: | ezifana nelayimu kunye nesodium carbonate. |
| Izibulali-ntsholongwane: | ezifana ne-TCCA, i-SDIC, i-Calcium Hypochlorite, i-ozone, i-chlorine dioxide, njl. |
| Izilungisi ze-pH: | ezifana ne-aminosulfonic acid, i-sodium hydroxide, ilayimu, i-sulfuric acid, njl. |
| Izisusi ze-ion zesinyithi: | I-EDTA, i-ion exchange resin |
| Isithinteli sesikali: | ii-organophosphates, ii-organophosphorus carboxylic acids, njl. |
| Izithambisi: | njenge-activated carbon, i-activated alumina, njl. |
Ngokusebenzisa la machiza ngempumelelo, amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso anokunyangwa aze akhutshwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho, aze aphinde asetyenziswe, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
2.5 Iikhemikhali kunye nemigaqo yoNyango lwamanzi oluSetyenzisiweyo
Unyango lwamanzi oluphinda lusetyenziswe lubhekisa kwindlela yolawulo lwemithombo yamanzi ephinda isebenzise amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso emva kokucocwa. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo yamanzi eyandayo, amacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso asebenzise amanyathelo okucocwa kwamanzi aphinde asetyenziswa, angagcini nje ngokusindisa imithombo yamanzi, kodwa anciphisa neendleko zokucocwa nokukhutshwa kwawo. Isitshixo sokucocwa kwamanzi aphinde asetyenziswa kukususa ukungcola emanzini amdaka ukuze umgangatho wamanzi uhlangabezane neemfuno zokusetyenziswa kwakhona, nto leyo efuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokucubungula kunye netekhnoloji.
Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi asetyenzisiweyo ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo abalulekileyo:
Unyango lwangaphambi konyango:susa amasuntswana amakhulu okungcola kunye negrisi, usebenzisa i-PAC, i-PAM, njl.
Uhlengahlengiso lwe-pH:lungisa i-pH, iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-sodium hydroxide, i-sulfuric acid, i-calcium hydroxide, njl.
Unyango lwebhayoloji:susa izinto eziphilayo, uxhase ukubola kweentsholongwane, sebenzisa i-ammonium chloride, i-sodium dihydrogen phosphate, njl.
Unyango lwekhemikhali:ukususwa kwe-oxidative kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neesinyithi ezinzima, i-ozone esetyenziswa rhoqo, i-persulfate, i-sodium sulfide, njl.
Ukwahlulwa kwe-membrane:sebenzisa iteknoloji ye-reverse osmosis, i-nanofiltration, kunye ne-ultrafiltration ukususa izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wamanzi.
Ukubulala iintsholongwane:susa iintsholongwane, sebenzisa i-chlorine, i-ozone, i-calcium hypochlorite, njl.
Ukubeka iliso kunye nohlengahlengiso:Qinisekisa ukuba amanzi asetyenzisiweyo ayahlangabezana nemigangatho kwaye usebenzise abalawuli kunye nezixhobo zokubeka esweni ukuze kulungiswe.
Izinto zokuthambisa i-defoam:Zicinezela okanye zisuse igwebu ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu wolwelo kwaye zitshabalalise ukuzinza kwegwebu. (Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwee-defoamers: iinkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji, unyango lwamanzi amdaka ngamakhemikhali, unyango lwamanzi amdaka ngamayeza, unyango lwamanzi amdaka okutya, unyango lwamanzi amdaka ephepha, njl.njl.)
I-calcium hypochlorite:Zisusa ungcoliseko olufana ne-ammonia nitrogen
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo kunye neekhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi amdaka acociweyo uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwakhona, nto leyo evumela ukuba asetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje. Inkqubo yalo kunye nokukhethwa kweekhemikhali kufuneka kuphuculwe ngokweemfuno ezithile zenkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ngengqiqo akunakuphucula kuphela isiphumo sonyango, kodwa kunciphise neendleko kwaye kunciphise impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kunye nokuphuculwa kweemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, unyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso luya kuphuhliswa ngendlela ekrelekrele neluhlaza ngakumbi.