Ukufikelela emanzini okusela acocekileyo, akhuselekileyo, namaxabiso afanelekileyo kuseyeyona njongo ibalulekileyo yezempilo yoluntu eLatin America. Izisombululo zonyango lwamanzi ezisebenzayo zibalulekile ekukhuseleni abantu kunye ne-ecosystem. Phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi okusela,I-Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC) ibe yenye yezona ndlela zidumileyo ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kakuhle, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokuguquguquka phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamanzi.
Eli nqaku liza kwazisa indlela yokukhetha inqanaba le-PAC elifanelekileyo lokunyanga amanzi okusela eLatin America - kuthathelwa ingqalelo imithetho yasekuhlaleni, iimpawu zamanzi aluhlaza, kunye nebhalansi yeendleko-inzuzo - ukunceda abasasazi, abaqhubi bezityalo, kunye namasebe amanzi ukuba benze izigqibo zokuthenga ezinolwazi.
Yintoni iPAC kwaye kutheni isetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi okusela
I-Polyaaluminium chloride (PAC) yi-polymer engaphiliyoI-Coagulant, isetyenziswa kakhulu ukususa ukungcoliseka, umbala kunye nokungcola okuphilayo emanzini aluhlaza. Ngokungafaniyo ne-aluminium sulfate (alum) yendabuko, i-PAC inokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH kwaye yenze ii-flocs ezinamandla nezixineneyo, ngaloo ndlela zihlale ngokukhawuleza.
Ekunyangweni kwamanzi okusela, i-PAC, njengeyona nto iphambili edibanisa amanzi, ihlanganisa amasuntswana axhonyiweyo, ii-colloids kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo, nto leyo evumela ukuba zisuswe ngokulula ngokusebenzisa i-sedimentation kunye ne-filtration.
Iingenelo eziphambili ze-PAC kune-alum yendabuko:
Isebenza ngempumelelo ngaphakathi koluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH (5.0-9.0).
Kufuneka idosi ephantsi
Velisa i-aluminium engasasebenziyo kangako
Nciphisa ubungakanani bodaka
Phucula ukusebenza kokuhluza kunye nokucaca
Ezi mpawu zenza i-PAC ifaneleke ngakumbi kwimithombo yamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba efana nemilambo, amachibi kunye namachibi - axhaphake kakhulu kumazwe aseLatin America.
Qonda iiBanga ezahlukeneyo zePAC
Iindidi kunye neenkcukacha ze-PAC (i-Polyaaluminium chloride) zihlala zihlelwa ngokusekelwe kumxholo wezinto eziphambili kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa. Njengoko imigangatho yemveliso ye-PAC ingaba yimigangatho yesizwe, imigangatho yoshishino okanye imigangatho yomenzi, iinkcukacha ezithile zinokwahluka kancinci, kodwa izalathisi eziphambili zokulinganisa ziqhelekile.
Ezi zilandelayo ziimpawu eziphambili kunye neempawu zeYuncang PAC:
| Into | I-PAC-I | I-PAC-D | I-PAC-H | I-PAC-M | I-PAC-G |
| Inkangeleko | Umgubo otyheli | Umgubo otyheli | Umgubo omhlophe | Umgubo wobisi | Umgubo omhlophe oMnyama |
| Umxholo (%, Al2O3) | 29±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 |
| Isiseko (%) | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 |
| Izinto ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini (%) | 1.0 Ubuninzi | 0.6 Ubuninzi | 0.6 Ubuninzi | 0.6 Ubuninzi | 0.6 Ubuninzi |
| pH | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 |
I-PAC-D
I-PAC etyheli kancinci, ekumgangatho ophezulu wamanzi okusela enomxholo ophantsi wesinyithi esinzima, ifanelekile ekunyangweni kwamanzi okusela. Inika ukusebenza kakuhle kokujiya kwaye ingasetyenziswa nakwiindlela zokunyanga amanzi kwimizi-mveliso ngokubanzi.
I-PAC-H
I-PAC yomgubo omhlophe ococekileyo kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoceni amanzi okusela, amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso, ekufakeni i-electroplating, nasekwenzeni iphepha. Inika ukucaca okugqwesileyo kunye ne-aluminium encinci eseleyo.
I-PAC-M
Indlela emhlophe efana nobisi, engabizi kakhulu endaweni ye-PAC-H enentsebenzo efanayo ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi okusela nawokucoca amashishini.
I-PAC-G
Imveliso ye-PAC yesizukulwana esilandelayo enikezela ngonyango olusebenzayo oluphezulu kune-PAC-H ngelixa ingabizi kakhulu kune-PAC-H kunye ne-PAC-M.
I-PAC-I
I-PAC etyheli, ekumgangatho wemizi-mveliso eyenzelwe unyango lwamanzi amdaka ahlukeneyo, kuquka ilaphu, ulusu, ukuprinta, ukudaya, kunye nokugrumba emilanjeni. Ngobuchule obuphezulu, i-PAC-I isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekunyangeni amanzi amdaka kakhulu kwaye inikezela ngomlinganiselo ogqwesileyo wexabiso nokusebenza.
Imingeni yoMgangatho waManzi okuSela eLatin America
Iimeko zomgangatho wamanzi kulo lonke elaseLatin America zahluka kakhulu ngokwemimandla, nto leyo echaphazela ukukhethwa komgangatho we-PAC kunye nesicwangciso sokulinganisa amanzi.
Nazi ezinye zemizekelo yeemeko eziqhelekileyo zamanzi kunye nemingeni yokunyanga kumazwe aphambili:
| Ilizwe | Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zamanzi aluhlaza | Umngeni oPhambili |
| Brazil | Ukungcola okuphezulu, umbala, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwimilambo yetropiki | Ukwahluka kwexesha lonyaka kunye nomthwalo wendalo |
| Ajentina | Udongwe oluphakathi kunye nodaka olune-colloidal | ukuguquguquka kwe-pH, ukutshintsha kobushushu |
| Tshile | Amanzi angaphezulu avela eAndes anomswakama omncinci | Ubushushu obubandayo, obufuna ukujiya okusebenzayo |
| Peru | Amanzi asezintabeni aneeminerali ezimbalwa | Ukulungisa i-pH kunye ne-alkalinity |
| Kholambiya | Imilambo yasezidolophini enezinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo nezemizi-mveliso | I-COD kunye nokususwa kombala |
Nazi ezinye zemizekelo yeemeko eziqhelekileyo zamanzi kunye nemingeni yokunyanga kumazwe aphambili:
Ukuguquguquka kwe-PAC kwiimeko zobushushu kunye ne-pH kuyenza ifaneleke kwezi ndawo zahlukeneyo.
Njengokuba:
EBrazil, i-liquid PAC 10% idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zikamasipala ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuzinzileyo ngamaxesha emvula.
EChile nasePeru, i-PAC enesiseko esiphezulu (85–90%) inika ukujiya okukhawulezileyo emanzini asezintabeni anobushushu obuphantsi.
I-Polyaluminum Chloride: Imigaqo kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho eLatin America
Ngokuphathelele unyango lwamanzi okusela eLatin America, i-PAC kufuneka ilandele imigangatho yokhuseleko yesizwe neyehlabathi ehambelanayo.
Izalathiso eziqhelekileyo zomthetho ziquka:
Brazil:I-ABNT NBR 15784 / ANVISA Umgangatho wokucola amanzi okusela
IArgentina neChile:Izikhokelo zeSebe lezeMpilo (Ministerio de Salud) zeNtsalela yeAluminiyam (<0.2 mg/L)
Mekhsikho:NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (Uxinzelelo lwe-aluminium oluphezulu yi-0.2 mg/L)
I-WHO (iWorld Health Organization): Intsalela ye-aluminiyam emanzini acociweyo <0.2 mg/L
Iimveliso zePAC ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezisetyenziselwa unyango lwamanzi okusela zihlala zineempawu ezilandelayo:
Umxholo wezinto ezinganyibilikiyo kakhulu (<0.1%)
Umxholo wesinyithi ophantsi (<0.005%)
Umxholo ophezulu we-Al₂O₃ (≥30%)
Abathengisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ababoneleli babo be-PAC banikezela ngeziqinisekiso ze-NSF/ANSI 60, REACH okanye ISO 9001 ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kwemveliso kunye nokuthobela ukhuseleko.
Khetha i-PAC efanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zengingqi
Xa bekhetha i-PAC yokucoca amanzi okusela, abasasazi kunye neenjineli kufuneka baqwalasele ezi zinto zintathu zilandelayo:
· Umthombo wamanzi kunye neempawu zawo
Amanzi angaphezulu (imilambo, amachibi): Sebenzisa i-PAC ene-alkalinity ephakathi ukuya kwephezulu (70-85%) ukunyanga ukufuma okuphezulu kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye amanzi omthombo: Ukusetyenziswa kwe-PAC ene-alkalinity ephantsi (60-70%) kunokufezekisa ukujiya okuncinci kwaye kunciphise intsalela ye-aluminium.
· Uyilo lwefektri kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa
Kwiifektri ezinkulu zikamasipala: I-Liquid PAC (10-18%) kulula ukuyixuba ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye inciphisa ukuvezwa kothuli.
Kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye kwiinkqubo ezisasazwayo: I-Powder PAC ineempawu zokugcina ixesha elide kunye nokuthuthwa okulula.
· Utshintsho lobushushu kunye notshintsho lwexesha lonyaka
Kwimimandla eshushu (eBrazil, eColombia), kusetyenziswa i-PAC eqhelekileyo ene-alkalinity ephakathi.
Kwiindawo ezibandayo (ezifana neChile kunye nomzantsi weArgentina), i-PAC ene-alkalinity ephezulu inokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-flocs kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Abasasazi bePAC bangahlala njani bekhuphisana
Ukuze bahlale bekhuphisana kwimarike yokucoca amanzi eLatin America, abasasazi kufuneka:
Sebenzisana nabantu abathembekileyoAbavelisi bePACukubonelela ngobonelelo oluzinzileyo kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa.
Nika isikhokelo sendawo malunga nomthamo kunye novavanyo lokwenziwa ngcono kweetini.
Nika iipakeji ezikhululekileyo kunye neepakeji ezincinci kubasasazi basekuhlaleni.
Gqamisa isiqinisekiso (i-NSF, i-REACH, i-ISO) kunye nolawulo lomgangatho olulandelekayo kwileyibhile yemveliso.
Ngenxa yokwanda kolwazi lwabantu malunga nokhuseleko lwamanzi kunye notyalo-mali lukarhulumente kwiziseko zophuhliso, imfuno yamanzi okusela i-PAC eLatin America kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokunyuka. Ngokukhetha iimveliso ze-PAC ezisemgangathweni ophezulu neziqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuzigcina kwifomu efanelekileyo kunye nokupakishwa, abasasazi banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni impilo yoluntu kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kulo lonke eli candelo.
IYuncang inokubonelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-PAC. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, nceda undwendwele:Iinkcukacha zePolyaluminum Chloride
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-05-2025