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Ukusebenzisa i-PDADMAC ekususeni i-Turbidity kunye nokunciphisa umbala kunyango lwamanzi kunye namanzi amdaka

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kunye nombala zizibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi, ngakumbi kwizicelo zoshishino kunye nomasipala. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuphezulu, okubangelwa zizinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo ezifana nodongwe, i-silt, kunye nezinto eziphilayo, kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala iintsholongwane, kukhuthaza ukukhula kweentsholongwane, kwaye kuphazamisana neenkqubo zokunyanga amanzi. Ngokufanayo, amanzi anombala (adla ngokubangelwa ziikhompawundi ze-organic ezinyibilikisiweyo, iidayi, okanye amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso) awachaphazeli ubuhle kuphela kodwa anokubonisa nokuba kukho ungcoliseko olunokuba yingozi.

Amashishini afana neempahla zelaphu, iphepha kunye ne-pulp, imigodi, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya avelisa amanzi amdaka anokungcola okukhulu nombala. Unyango olufanelekileyo lwala manzi amdaka lubalulekile kungekuphela nje ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomthetho kodwa nakwimeko-bume yokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezixhobo. I-Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) yi-polymer ye-cationic esetyenziswa kakhulu ekucaciseni amanzi kwaye yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zeekhemikhali zokususa ukumdaka kunye nombala.

Yintoni iPDADMAC?

I-Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) yipolymer ye-cationic enyibilikayo emanzini eyaziwayo ngeempawu zayo ezigqwesileyo zokushukuma, ukujiya, kunye nokucacisa. Ngokwekhemikhali, i-PDADMAC yipolymer enobunzima beemolekyuli eziphezulu enobunzima obuphezulu bokutshaja, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukusebenzisana ngamandla namasuntswana atshajwe kakubi emanzini.

 

Iimpawu eziphambili zePDADMAC ziquka:

  • Uxinano oluphezulu lwe-cationic charge: Iphelisa ngempumelelo izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo kunye nee-colloids ezitshajiweyo kakubi.
  • Ukunyibilika kwamanzi: Ingasetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi amdaka kamasipala nakwimizi-mveliso ngaphandle kokwenza iintsalela ezinganyibilikiyo.
  • Uzinzo lobushushu kunye neekhemikhali: Isebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH naphantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zekhemistri yamanzi.

I-PDADMAC ifumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ulwelo (i-emulsion okanye isisombululo) kunye nomgubo owomileyo, inika idosi eguquguqukayo kunye nokugcinwa okulula. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kuyenza ifaneleke kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zokunyanga amanzi, ngakumbi ekususeni ukungcola kunye nokunciphisa umbala.

Indlela iPDADMAC esusa ngayo i-Turbidity

Indlela ephambili iPDADMAC esusa ngayo ukungcoliswa yi-charge neutralization. Uninzi lwee-particles ezixhonyiweyo emanzini, ezifana nodongwe, i-silt, okanye ii-organic colloids, zithwala i-negative surface charge. Ezi charges zidala amandla agxothayo phakathi kwee-particles, zigcina zisasazekile kwaye zithintela ukubola kwe-sedimentation.

 

Xa kongezwa iPDADMAC:

  • Iitsheyini zepolymer ezitshajiweyo kakuhle zifunxa kwiinxalenye ezitshajiweyo kakubi.
  • Oku kuyawunciphisa umphezulu, kunciphisa ukugxothwa kwe-electrostatic.
  • Amasuntswana ahlangana ukuze enze ii-flocs ezinkulu, ezilula ukuzinza okanye ukuzihluza.

 

Le nkqubo inciphisa ngempumelelo ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, nto leyo ephumela kumanzi acacileyo afanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi ezifana nokuhluzwa, ukubulala iintsholongwane, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwakhona. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-PDADMAC kuxhomekeke kwiiparameter ezifana nobunzima beemolekyuli, ubuninzi betshaja, idosi, kunye neempawu zomgangatho wamanzi, ngoko ke ukuchaneka kwedosi kubalulekile ukuze kusebenze kakuhle.

I-PDADMAC iphumelela njani ekususeni umbala?

Umbala wamanzi udla ngokuvela kwizinto eziphilayo ezinyibilikisiweyo (i-DOM), iidayi, kunye namanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso. Ukudumba kubangelwa ziingceba ezixhonyiweyo, ngelixa umbala uyimpawu yezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye nezinto ze-colloidal.

I-PDADMAC inciphisa umbala ngokusebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

  • Ukufunxa: Iimolekyuli zePDADMAC ezitshajiweyo kakuhle zitsala iimolekyuli ezinemibala etshajiweyo kakubi, zenze iiflocs ezinokususwa ngokuthuthwa okanye ngokuhluzwa.
  • Ukudityaniswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa: Iitsheyini zepolymer zinokudibanisa iimolekyuli ezinemibala emininzi, ziphucula ukusebenza kwazo kokususa.
  • Isiphumo sokusebenzisana nezinye izinto ezidibanisa imibala: I-PDADMAC ingasetyenziswa kunye ne-alum, i-ferric chloride, okanye i-polyaluminum chloride (PAC) ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa umbala, ingakumbi kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ane-chroma ephezulu.

Umsebenzi wePDADMAC ombaxa-mbini—ukususa ukungcola kunye nombala—wenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olukhethwayo kumashishini afuna ukucaca okuphezulu kunye nomgangatho wamanzi obukekayo.

Ukuthelekiswa kwePolyDADMAC nezinye iiCoagulants kunye neeFlocculants

I-PDADMAC idla ngokuthelekiswa nee-coagulants zemveli ezifana ne-alum (aluminium sulfate), i-ferric chloride, i-polyaluminum chloride (PAC), kunye nee-non-ionic okanye ii-anionic polymers ezifana ne-polyacrylamide (PAM). Ukuqonda la mahluko kunceda iingcali zonyango lwamanzi zikhethe isisombululo esisebenzayo sokususa umbala kunye nokususwa kombala.

I-PDADMAC idla ngokuthelekiswa nee-coagulants zemveli ezifana ne-alum (aluminium sulfate), i-ferric chloride, i-polyaluminum chloride (PAC), kunye nee-non-ionic okanye ii-anionic polymers ezifana ne-polyacrylamide (PAM). Ukuqonda la mahluko kunceda iingcali zonyango lwamanzi zikhethe isisombululo esisebenzayo sokususa umbala kunye nokususwa kombala.

Iityuwa ze-Alum kunye ne-Iron:Ezi zii-coagulants ezingezizo zendalo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekupheliseni ubumdaka bee-particle. Nangona zisebenza kakuhle ekususeni ubumdaka, zihlala zifuna iidosi eziphezulu, zivelise udoti omkhulu, kwaye zisenokungasebenzi kakuhle ekususeni umbala.

I-Polyaluminum Chloride(i-PAC):Xa ithelekiswa ne-alum, i-PAC inika ukuqunjelwa ngokukhawuleza, iimfuno eziphantsi zedosi, kunye nokusebenza okungcono. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sayo sokutshintsha umbala sihlala silinganiselwe, kwaye inoluhlu lwe-pH oluncinci oluphezulu lokusebenza ngcono.

I-PAM (I-Polyacrylamide):Iipolymers ze-Anionic okanye ezingezizo ze-ionic ze-PAM zisetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-flocculants kwizinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo kodwa azisebenzi kakuhle ekususeni iikhompawundi ezibangela umbala ezinyibilikisiweyo.

I-Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDADMAC):Ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezingentla, i-PDADMAC idibanisa uxinano olukhulu lwe-cationic charge kunye nemiphumo enamandla yokudibanisa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kakhulu ekususeni i-turbidity kunye nokunciphisa umbala. Ngaphezu koko, ivelisa udaka oluncinci kwaye isebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH, inika ukuguquguquka kokusebenza kunye nokonga iindleko.

 

Ngokudibanisa iPDADMAC kwiinkqubo zabo zonyango, amashishini ahlukeneyo anokufikelela kumanzi acacileyo ngelixa enciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali kunye neendleko zokulahla udaka.

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zePolyDADMAC

I-PolyDADMAC kuNyango lwaManzi amdaka kaMasipala

Kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka zikamasipala, iPDADMAC isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuphucula ukucaca kwamanzi kunye nokuphucula ukubulala iintsholongwane ezisezantsi. Ifanelekile ngokukodwa kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • Ukususa amasuntswana e-colloidal kwi-lindle eluhlaza.
  • Ukunciphisa umbala obangelwa yi-humic kunye ne-fulvic acids kwimithombo yamanzi angaphezulu.
  • Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhupha amanzi kwizityalo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka.

I-PolyDADMAC kwiNyango yamanzi amdaka kwiShishini

Amashishini avelisa amanzi amdaka amdaka ane-turbidity ephezulu kunye nombala adla ngokuxhomekeka kwi-PDADMAC njengekhemikhali yonyango oluphambili okanye lwesibini:

  • Ukudaya kunye nokuprinta ilaphu:Isusa ngokufanelekileyo iidayi ezisabelayo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokukhupha.
  • Intlama kunye nephepha:Inciphisa ukudumba okubangelwa ziifayibha ezincinci kunye nombala obangelwa ziikhompawundi ze-lignin.
  • Ukutya nesiselo:Icacisa inkqubo yamanzi, inciphisa umbala, kwaye iphucula amandla okusebenzisa kwakhona amanzi.
  • Ukwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nokulungiswa kwesinyithi:Isusa amasuntswana amancinci, iintsimbi ezinzima, kunye nombala oseleyo emanzini amdaka.
  • Ukukhupha inkunkuma kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma:Iphucula ukususwa okuqinileyo kwaye inciphisa utshintsho lombala olubangelwa zizinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo.

Ngokusebenzisa i-PDADMAC, amashishini ahlukeneyo anokufikelela kwimigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo ngelixa efumana amanzi ukuze asetyenziswe kwakhona okanye akhutshwe ngokukhuselekileyo.

Idosi yePDADMAC kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwePDADMAC kuxhomekeke kwidosi echanekileyo kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziquka:

  • Idosi:Imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka kamasipala yi-1–10 mg/L, kwaye yokunyanga amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso yi-5–50 mg/L. Imilinganiselo ethile ixhomekeke kukungcola, umbala, kunye nekhemikhali yamanzi. Uvavanyo lwezinga lokulinganisa luyacetyiswa ukuze kuchongwe imilinganiselo efanelekileyo.
  • Isicelo:I-PDADMAC ingongezwa kwi-influent njengesisombululo esixutyiweyo kwangaphambili okanye ngqo kwi-flocculation tank.
  • Ukuxuba:Ukuxuba okuthambileyo nokukhawulezayo kufuneka kwenziwe kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo, kulandele ukuxuba okucothayo ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-floc.
  • Ixesha loQhagamshelwano:Iiflokhi zihlala zikhula kwimizuzu eli-10-20, kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zamanzi kunye neempawu zepolymer.

Ukuphucula ezi parameters kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ukudumba nokususwa kombala ngelixa kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali.

Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwePolyDADMAC

Zininzi izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwePDADMAC kunyango lwamanzi:

  • I-pH yamanzi:I-PDADMAC isebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH (4–10), kodwa iimeko ze-asidi okanye ze-alkaline kakhulu zinokunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.
  • Ubushushu:Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokukhawulezisa ukwakheka kwe-floc, ngelixa amanzi abandayo kakhulu anokufuna amaxesha amade okuxuba.
  • Uxinaniso lwezinto eziqinileyo eziXinzekileyo:Amanqanaba aphezulu okudumba anokufuna iidosi eziphezulu zepolymer.
  • Umxholo wezinto eziphilayo kunye nombala:Amanzi atyebileyo kwizinto ezinomswakama okanye iidayi angadinga unyango lwangaphambi kwexesha okanye ukuhlanganiswa nee-inorganic coagulants.
  • Ukuxuba Ubunzulu:Ukuxuba kakhulu okanye ukungaxutywa ngokwaneleyo kunokuphazamisa ii-flocs ezenziweyo, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa ukungcola.

Ngokujonga ezi parameters kunye nokulungisa umthamo ngokufanelekileyo, abaqhubi bonyango lwamanzi banokufikelela kwiziphumo zonyango ezihambelanayo.

Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwePolyDADMAC

Iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-PDADMAC

I-PDADMAC ineenzuzo ezininzi xa ithelekiswa ne-coagulants zemveli kunye ne-flocculants, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olukhethwayo lokunyanga amanzi kunye namanzi amdaka:

  • Ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu: I-PDADMAC isusa ngokukhawuleza ukudumba kwaye inciphisa umbala nokuba isetyenziswa kancinci, nto leyo ebangela ukonga imali.
  • Isebenziseka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:Isebenza kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaxabiso e-pH, ifanelekile kuzo zombini izicelo zikamasipala nezemizi-mveliso.
  • Umthamo wodaka oncitshisiweyo:Ivelisa udaka oluncinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-inorganic coagulants, inciphisa iindleko zokulahla kunye nempembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
  • Ukususwa kwamanzi odaka okuphuculweyo:Iphucula ukucinezeleka kodaka, yenza kube lula ukunyanga nokomisa.
  • Ukuhambelana:Ingasetyenziswa kunye nezinye izinto ezidibanisa amanzi amdaka (ezifana ne-PAC okanye i-alum) ukuze kuphuculwe iinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka ezintsonkothileyo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi:Ngokuphucula ukucaca nokunciphisa umbala, amanzi anyangwe ngePDADMAC anokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiinkqubo zoshishino okanye akhutshwe ngokukhuselekileyo, okuxhasa iinjongo zokuzinza.

Ukugcinwa kunye noKhuseleko lwePolyDADMAC

Nangona i-PDADMAC ikhuselekile ukuyiphatha, ukulandela izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo kuqinisekisa uzinzo lwayo lwexesha elide kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza:

Indawo yokugcina:Gcina i-PDADMAC kwindawo epholileyo neyomileyo, kude nelanga elithe ngqo kunye namaqondo obushushu abandayo. Iifomyula zolwelo kufuneka zigcinwe kwizikhongozeli ezimelana nokugqwala.

Beka ubomi kwishelufa:Ixesha lokugcinwa kwePDADMAC engamanzi lidla ngokuba ziinyanga ezili-12-24; iPDADMAC engumgubo inokugcinwa ixesha elide ukuba igcinwa yomile.

Ukuphatha:Nxiba iiglavu kunye nokukhusela amehlo xa uphatha izisombululo ezixineneyo ukuthintela ukurhawuzelelwa lusu okanye amehlo.

Ukulahlwa:Lahla i-polymer engasetyenziswanga kunye nodaka oluveliswa ngexesha lokucubungula ngokwemigaqo yendawo yokusingqongileyo.

Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphatha nokugcina zigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwepolymer kwaye ziqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kwabaqhubi.

Indlela yokukhetha umthengisi wePDADMAC othembekileyo

Kwimizi-mveliso exhomekeke kwi-polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) ukuze isuse ukudumba kunye nombala, ukukhetha umthengisi othembekileyo kubalulekile. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziquka:

Amava okuvelisa:Ababoneleli abanamava eminyaka emininzi banokubonelela ngenkxaso yomgangatho kunye neyobugcisa engaguqukiyo.

Iimveliso Ezinokwenziwa Ngokwezifiso:Ibonelela ngobunzima obahlukeneyo beemolekyuli, ubuninzi beetshaja, kunye nokupakishwa ukuze kuhambelane nezicelo ezithile.

Uxhaso lobuchwepheshe:Uncedo ngokuphucula idosi, uvavanyo lweebhotile, kunye nesikhokelo sokusebenzisa.

Uzinzo lweSibonelelo:Ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa rhoqo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo.

Iziqinisekiso kunye nokuthobela imithetho:Iimvume ze-ISO, i-REACH, okanye imithetho yendawo ziqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko.

Ukusebenzisana nomntu othembekileyoUmthengisi wePolyDADMAC kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokuthobela imithetho.

I-PDADMAC yi-polymer esebenza kakhulu ye-cationic edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekususeni ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kunye nokunciphisa umbala kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga amanzi kunye namanzi amdaka. Ukusebenza kwayo kakuhle, ukuguquguquka kwayo, kunye nokuhambelana kwayo nezinye izinto ezicoagulants kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo lokunyanga amanzi kamasipala kunye nemizi-mveliso. Kumashishini afuna amanzi acacileyo, angenambala kunye nolawulo oluphuculweyo lwedaka, i-PDADMAC inikezela ngeenzuzo zokusebenza kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukukhetha umthengisi othembekileyo onolwazi lobuchwephesha kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekekayo, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye nokuzinza kwexesha elide.

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    • Ixesha lokuthumela: Feb-03-2026

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