Isikhokelo esipheleleyo soNyango lwaManzi oluSebenzayo
Iinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokujiya kunye nokuqunjelwa ukuze zisuse amasuntswana axhonyiweyo, izinto eziphilayo, kunye nokudumba emanzini. Phakathi kweekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi nkqubo kukhoI-Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)kwayeI-Polyacrylamide (i-PAM).
Xa zisetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye, i-PAC kunye ne-PAM zinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokucaciswa kwamanzi, zinciphise umthamo weekhemikhali, kwaye zonyuse ukusebenza kokuhlaliswa kodaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukudibana okungafanelekanga—njengokulandelelana okungalunganga kwedosi okanye uxinzelelo—kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle konyango.
Eli nqaku libonelela ngesikhokelo sobugcisa esipheleleyo malunga nendlela yokudibanisa i-PAC kunye ne-PAM ekujikeni kwegazi, kuquka imigaqo, iindlela zokulinganisa, amaqhinga okuphucula, kunye neempazamo eziqhelekileyo ekufuneka ziphetshwe.
Ukuqonda iindima ze-PAC kunye ne-PAM kwi-Coagulation
Ngaphambi kokuba sixoxe ngendlela yokuzidibanisa, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ikhemikhali nganye kwinkqubo yokujiya-ukuqunjelwa.
I-Polyaluminum Chlorideyi-inorganic polymer coagulant esetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoceni amanzi okusela, ekucoceni amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso, nakwiinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi amdaka zikamasipala.
I-PAC isebenza ngokuyintloko ngokunciphisa itshaja kunye nokufunxa. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zamanzi zendalo, amasuntswana axhonyiweyo aneetshaja ezingalunganga, ezigcina zisasazekile kwaye zithintele ukuba zihlale. I-PAC ikhupha ii-ion ze-aluminium ezitshajwe kakuhle ezinciphisa ezi tshaja. Nje ukuba zingasebenzi, amasuntswana aqala ukuhlangana abe zii-microflocs ezincinci.
Iingenelo zePAC
- Amandla okujiya aqinileyo
- Ukususwa kokungcola okusebenzayo
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe-pH ebanzi
- Umthamo wodaka ophantsi xa uthelekiswa neetyuwa ze-aluminium zemveli
- Ifanelekile zombini ukunyanga amanzi okusela kunye namanzi amdaka
Nangona kunjalo, i-PAC yodwa inokwenza ii-flocs ezincinci ezihlala kancinci, apho i-PAM ibaluleka khona.
I-Polyacrylamideyi-organic polymer flocculant esetyenziselwa ukuphucula i-flocculation kunye nokuhlaliswa. I-PAM isebenza ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-polymer bridge. Iintambo zayo ezinde ze-molecular zidibanisa ii-microflocs ezininzi kunye, zenze ii-flocs ezinkulu nezixineneyo ezihlala ngokukhawuleza.
Iintlobo ze-PAM ezisetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili:
- I-Anionic PAM (APAM)
- I-Cationic PAM (CPAM)
- I-Nonionic PAM (NPAM)
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-PAC + PAM, i-anionic PAM isetyenziswa kakhulu kuba i-PAC sele ibonelela ngokunciphisa itshaja kakuhle.
Iingenelo ze-PAM kwiinkqubo zokujiya kwegazi
- Yandisa ubungakanani befloc
- Ikhawulezisa ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma
- Iphucula ukucocwa kwamanzi odaka
- Yehlisa idosi ye-PAC
- Iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhluza
Kutheni i-PAC kunye ne-PAM Zisetyenziswa Kunye
Ukusebenzisa i-PAC kunye ne-PAM kunye kudala isiphumo sokuxinana kwe-coagulation kunye ne-flocculation.
Indlela yokwenza inyathelo ngenyathelo
I-PAC iyazinzisa iinxalenye, inciphise iitshaja, kwaye yenze ii-micro-flocs.
Iintambo zePAM zidibanisa ii-microflocs zibe zii-flocs ezinkulu.
Iiflocs ezinkulu zitshona ngokukhawuleza kwiitanki zothuli.
Iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-polyaluminum chloride kunye ne-polyacrylamide xa zidibene
- Ukususwa kokungcola okuphezulu
- Ixesha lokulungisa ngokukhawuleza
- Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali okuphantsi
- Umthamo wodaka onciphileyo
- Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwesihluzo
Ngenxa yezi zibonelelo, iindibaniselwano zePAC + PAM zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi:
- Izityalo zokucoca amanzi amdaka zikamasipala
- Unyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
- Ukucaciswa kwamanzi amdaka emigodini
- Unyango lwamanzi amdaka ematshini wephepha
- Ukucaciswa kwamanzi okusela
Ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lweDosi ye-PAC kunye ne-PAM
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni kokujiya kwegazi kukulandelelana kwedosi. Ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lulandelayo:I-PAC kuqala → I-PAM yesibini
Kutheni kufuneka kongezwe i-PAC kuqala
I-PAC kufuneka iqale inciphise itshaja yamasuntswana ize yenze ii-microflocs zokuqala. Ngaphandle kwale nyathelo, iimolekyuli ze-PAM ziya kunyibilika emanzini kwaye azinakubopha amasuntswana ngokufanelekileyo.
Amanyathelo aqhelekileyo okulinganisa
- Itanki yokuxuba ekhawulezayo
- Inaliti yePAC
- Ukuxuba ngokukhawuleza (imizuzwana engama-30–60)
- Inaliti yePAM
- Ukuxubana kancinci (inqanaba lokuqunjelwa)
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkunkuma
⚠️ Impazamo eqhelekileyo:Ukongeza i-PAM ngaphambi kwe-PAC yimpazamo eqhelekileyo ekhokelela ekwakhekeni kakubi kwe-floc kunye neekhemikhali ezilahliweyo.
Idosi efanelekileyo ye-PAC kunye ne-PAM
Umlinganiselo uyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wamanzi, ukufuma, kunye noxinano lwezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo.
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezi zilandelayo
Idosi ye-PAC
Amanzi okusela: 5–50 mg/L
Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso: 30–200 mg/L
Idosi ye-PAM
Ngokwesiqhelo iphantsi kakhulu kune-PAC
Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo: 0.1–3 mg/L
Umthetho oyintloko
Idosi ye-PAM idla ngokuba yi-1/100 ukuya kwi-1/50 yedosi ye-PAC.
Ukusebenzisa i-PAM egqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ku:
- Iiflokhi ezinamathelayo
- Ukungahlali kakuhle
- Ukuvaleka kwesihluzo
Kungoko ke, uvavanyo lwebhotile luyimfuneko ukuze kuchongwe idosi efanelekileyo.
Ukulungiselela izisombululo zePAC kunye nePAM
Ukulungiswa kweekhemikhali ngendlela efanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuze kusetyenziswe idosi ezinzileyo.
* Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo se-PAC
I-PAC idla ngokulungiswa njengesisombululo se-5–10%.
I-PAC iyanyibilika ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingasetyenziswa ngosuku olunye.
*Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sePAM
I-PAM ifuna amalungiselelo acokisekileyo.
Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo:
Isisombululo se-0.05–0.1%
Ukulungiselela umzekelo:
- Yongeza amanzi kwisitya sokuxuba
- Fafaza kancinci umgubo wePAM
- Xuba kancinci imizuzu engama-30–60
- Vumela ukuguga imizuzu engama-30
Amanqaku abalulekileyo:
- Kuphephe ukuxuba ngesantya esiphezulu (kunokwaphula imixokelelwane yepolymer)
- Sebenzisa amanzi acocekileyo
- Lungisa isisombululo esitsha imihla ngemihla
Iimeko zokuxuba zeCoagulatio esebenzayo
Ukuxuba amandla kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-coagulation.
Inqanaba lokuxuba ngokukhawuleza
Injongo: ukusasaza i-PAC ngokukhawuleza.
Iiparameter eziqhelekileyo:
- Ixesha: imizuzwana engama-30–60
- Isantya segrediyenti (G): 700–1000 s⁻¹
Inqanaba lokuqunjelwa
Injongo: vumela iiflocs zikhule ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.
Iiparameter eziqhelekileyo:
- Ixesha: imizuzu eli-15–30
- Isantya sesantya: 20–80 s⁻¹
I-PAM idla ngokufakwa ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuqunjelwa.
Uvavanyo lweJar lokuphucula inkqubo
Uvavanyo lwejar yeyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokufumanisa indibaniselwano efanelekileyo yePAC kunye nePAM.
Inkqubo yovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwebhotile
- Lungisa iisampulu ezininzi zamanzi
- Yongeza iidosi ezahlukeneyo ze-PAC
- Umxube okhawulezayo
- Yongeza i-PAM
- Umxube ocothayo
- Jonga ukwakheka kwefloc
- Linganisa ukuxinana emva kokuzinza
Izinto eziphambili eziqwalaselweyo:
- Ubungakanani beFloc
- Isantya sokumisela
- Ukucaca kwamanzi
Idosi efanelekileyo ivelisa:
- Iiflokhi ezinkulu
- Ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza
- Amanzi acacileyo angaphezulu
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo xa zidityaniswe i-PAC kunye ne-PAM
Kwanabasebenzi abanamava ngamanye amaxesha badibana neengxaki.
Isiphelo
Ukudibanisa iPolyaluminum Chloride kunye nePolyacrylamide yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphucula ukujiya kunye nokuqunjelwa kwiinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi.
I-PAC iyazinzisa iinxalenye ezixhonyiweyo ngokuthomalalisa itshaja, ngelixa i-PAM iphucula ukwakheka kwe-floc ngokusebenzisa i-polymer bridge. Xa isetyenziswa ngokulandelelana ngokuchanekileyo—kuqala i-PAC, okwesibini i-PAM—ezi khemikhali zenza ii-floc ezinkulu nezixineneyo ezihlala ngokukhawuleza kwaye zivelise amanzi acacileyo.
Ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezilungileyo, abaqhubi kufuneka bagxile koku kulandelayo:
- Ulandelelwano olufanelekileyo lwedosi
- Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwedosi
- Ukulungiselela isisombululo esichanekileyo
- Iimeko zokuxuba ezilungiselelweyo
- Uvavanyo lwebhotile lokulungisa inkqubo
Ngeendlela zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo, i-PAC kunye ne-PAM zinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocwa kwamanzi, ukusebenza kokuhlaliswa kodaka, kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo iyonke.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-18-2026
