I-Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)—eyaziwa kakhulu njengeI-PDADMAC or I-PolyDADMAC—yi-polymer ye-cationic esebenza kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoceni amanzi kamasipala nakwimizi-mveliso. Njenge-coagulant enamandla-exineneyo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekususeni i-turbidity, ukususa amanzi odaka, ukususa umbala, kunye nokwahlulahlula ulwelo oluqinileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, amaziko amaninzi okunyanga amanzi enza iimpazamo ezinokuphepheka xa ekhetha, ethatha idosi, kwaye esebenzisa iPDADMAC. Ezi mpazamo zinokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-flocculation, ukwanda komthamo wodaka, inkunkuma yamakhemikhali, iingozi zokuthobela imithetho, kunye neendleko zokusebenza ezingeyomfuneko.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola:
- Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwePDADMAC
- Izizathu zobugcisa ezibangela iingxaki zokusebenza
- Amaqhinga okuphucula izinto ngendlela esebenzayo
- Iingcebiso zeengcali kwiinkqubo zikamasipala nezemizi-mveliso
Esi sikhokelo sibhalelwe ukuxhasa abaphathi bezityalo, iinjineli zonyango lwamanzi, kunye neengcali zokuthenga iikhemikhali ezifuna ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zabo ze-flocculant.
Kutheni iPDADMAC ibalulekile?
I-PDADMAC yi-cationic homopolymer eveliswa yi-diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers. Isebenza ngokuyintloko ngokusebenzisa:
- Ukungathethisi ngentlawulo
- Ukungazinzi kwamasuntswana
- Ukudibanisa i-flocculation
Iimpawu zayo eziphambili ziquka:
- Uxinano oluphezulu lwe-cationic charge
- Ukunyibilika kakuhle emanzini
- Uzinzo kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH
- Ukuhambelana ne-inorganic coagulants ezifana ne-PAC kunye ne-alum
Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi:
- Unyango lwamanzi okusela kamasipala
- Unyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
- Ukucaciswa kwamanzi amdaka ematshini wephepha
- Ukususwa kombala wamanzi amdaka elaphu
- Ukuqina kodaka kunye nokukhupha amanzi
Nangona iingenelo zayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #1: Idosi Engalunganga (Ukuthatha idosi egqithisileyo okanye ukunciphisa umthamo)
Isizathu Sokuba Kwenzeka Oku
Abaqhubi abaninzi baxhomekeke kumanani amiselweyo edosi endaweni yokwenza uvavanyo lwebhotile rhoqo.Umgangatho wamanzi uyatshintshatshintsha imihla ngemihla ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Utshintsho kwi-turbidity enefuthe
- Iinguqu zexesha lonyaka
- Ukuguquguquka kokukhutshwa kwemveliso
- Iziganeko zemvula
Iziphumo zokungasebenzi kakuhle kwedosi
- Ukwakheka kakubi kwefloc
- Ukungcola okuphezulu emanzini acociweyo
- Umthwalo owandisiweyo ekuhluzweni okusezantsi
Iziphumo zokusebenzisa idosi ngokugqithisileyo
- Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwamasuntswana
- Umthamo wodaka owandayo
- Iindleko eziphezulu zeekhemikhali
- Iingxaki zepolymer eziseleyo
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusebenza
- Yenza uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lweebhotile
- Lungisa idosi ngokusekelwe kwi-turbidity kunye ne-zeta potential
- Lawula isalathiso sevolumu yodaka (SVI)
Ukwandisa umthamo kunokunciphisa iindleko zeekhemikhali nge-10–25% kwiinkqubo ezininzi.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #2: Ukungayinaki Ukukhetha Ubunzima Bemolekyuli
Ayizizo zonke iimveliso zePDADMAC ezifanayo. Ubunzima beemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo buchaphazela ukusebenza.
Ubunzima obuphantsi beMolekyuli
- Ukunciphisa itshaja ngokukhawuleza
- Ifanelekile emanzini angenamanzi amaninzi
Ubunzima obuphezulu beMolekyuli
- Ubuchule obungcono bokuqhawula
- Ifanelekile kumanzi amdaka aqinileyo axhonywe kakhulu
Ukusebenzisa ubunzima beemolekyuli obungalunganga kudla ngokuphumela kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Iifloki ezibuthathaka
- Ukungahlali kakuhle
- Udaka olugqithisileyo
- Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusebenza
Sebenza nomthengisi wePDADMAC othembekileyo ukuze uhambelane:
- Iimpawu zamanzi
- Amanqanaba okuxinana
- Umxholo we-organic
- Iinjongo zonyango
Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #3: Iimeko Ezimbi Zokuxuba
Ukusebenza kwePDADMAC kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuxubeni ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuxuba okunganelanga
- Ukusasazwa kwe-polymer okungalinganiyo
- Ukungagqibeki kokunciphisa intlawulo
- Ukuthatha idosi egqithisileyo kwindawo ethile
Ukuxuba Okugqithisileyo
- Ukucheba ii-flocs ezenziweyo
- Ubungakanani befloc obuncitshisiweyo
- Ukusebenza kakubi kokulungisa izinto
Icebo Elifanelekileyo Lokuxuba
- Ukuxuba ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuqale ukusasazeka (imizuzwana)
- Ukuxuba i-flocculation ngobunono (imizuzu)
- Ziphephe iimpompo ezicheba kakhulu emva kokwakheka kwefloc
Uyilo lwemishini kunye nexesha lokugcina amanzi kufuneka lixhase ukukhula kwe-floc.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #4: Ukudibanisa okungahambelaniyo nezinye iikhemikhali
I-PDADMAC idla ngokusetyenziswa kunye:
- I-Polyaluminum chloride (PAC)
- I-Alum
- I-Polyacrylamide (i-PAM)
Ulandelelwano olungalunganga lwedosi lunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
Umzekelo woLungelelwaniso olungalunganga
Ukongeza i-PDADMAC emva kokuba i-flocculation sele yenzekile kunokuphula ii-floc endaweni yokuziqinisa.
Ulandelelwano lweDosa olucetyiswayo
- I-coagulant engaphiliyo (i-PAC okanye i-alum)
- I-PDADMAC yokungathathi cala kwentlawulo
- I-PAM (ukuba iyafuneka) yokudibanisa
Ukulandelelana ngokuchanekileyo kuphucula ukususwa kokungcola kunye nokuxinana kodaka.
Impazamo eqhelekileyo #5: Ukungalungiseleli i-pH kunye nobushushu
Nangona i-PDADMAC isebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH, ukusebenza kwayo kuyahluka.
Iimeko ze-pH ephantsi
- Ukunciphisa itshaja ngendlela ephuculiweyo
- Ukwakheka kwefloc ngokukhawuleza
Iimeko ze-pH ephezulu
- Ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-coagulation
- Ukwanda kwemfuno yeekhemikhali
Ubushushu bukwachaphazela:
- I-kinetics yempendulo
- Isantya sokumisela
- Ukuqaqamba
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusebenza
- Jonga i-pH rhoqo
- Lungisa idosi ye-coagulant ebusika
- Yandisa ixesha lokugcina izinto ngexesha lemozulu ebandayo
Ukulungiswa kwexesha lonyaka kubalulekile ukuze kusebenze ngokuzinzileyo.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #6: Ukugcinwa Nokuphathwa Kakubi
I-PDADMAC yi-polymer engamanzi. Ukugcinwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokonakalisa umgangatho wemveliso.
Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Zokugcina
- Ukuvezwa lilanga ngqo
- Amaqondo obushushu abandayo
- Ungcoliseko oluvela kwiitanki ezingcolileyo
Ezi ngxaki zingabangela:
- Umsebenzi oncitshisiweyo
- Ukwanda kwe-viscosity
- Ubomi obuncitshisiweyo beshelufu
Iingcebiso zokugcina
- Gcina kwi-5–30°C
- Sebenzisa iitanki ezingamelani nokugqwala
- Kuphephe ukuvezwa kubushushu obugqithisileyo ixesha elide
- Gcina iinkqubo zokulinganisa zicocekile
Ukuwohloka komgangatho kukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungaguqukiyo konyango.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #7: Ukungayinaki Impembelelo Yolawulo Lodaka
I-PDADMAC ichaphazela kakhulu iimpawu zodaka.
Ukuthathwa ngendlela engalunganga kunokubangela oku kulandelayo:
- Imveliso yodaka olugqithisileyo
- Ukusebenza kakubi kokukhupha amanzi
- Iindleko zokulahla ezongezelelekileyo
Umlinganiselo olungiselelweyo unokulandelayo:
- Nciphisa umthamo wodaka
- Phucula ukoma kwekhekhe
- Iindleko zokuhamba eziphantsi
Ulawulo lodaka kufuneka luqwalaselwe xa kukhethwa izinto ezibangela ukuxinana kwamanzi.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #8: Ukungabikho Kokujongwa Kokusebenza Rhoqo
Izityalo ezininzi ziyasilela ukuphumeza ulawulo lweekhemikhali oluqhutywa yidatha.
Izalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokubeka esweni
- Ukuxinana (NTU)
- Ukususwa kwe-COD
- Amandla eZeta
- Isalathisi somthamo wenkunkuma
- Ukusetyenziswa kwePolymer nge m³ nganye
Ngaphandle kokulandelela ezi parameters, ukulungiswa kuba yinto yokuqikelela.
Impazamo eqhelekileyo #9: Ukukhetha ngokusekelwe kwixabiso kuphela
Iimveliso ezingabizi kakhulu zinokuba nezi:
- Uxinano lwentlawulo olusezantsi
- Ubunzima be-molecular obungahambelaniyo
- Ukwahluka komgangatho
I-PDADMAC ekumgangatho ophezulu kancinci inokunciphisa iindleko zizonke ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Imfuneko yedosi ephantsi
- Ukuphuculwa kokuxinana kodaka
- Ixesha lokungasebenzi kwenkqubo elinciphileyo
Ixabiso lilonke lonyango libaluleke ngaphezu kwexabiso leyunithi.
Impazamo Eqhelekileyo #10: Ukutsiba Uvavanyo Lovavanyo Ngaphambi Kokufaka Isicelo Esipheleleyo
Umthombo ngamnye wamanzi amdaka wahlukile.
Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ayahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezi:
- Iifektri zelaphu
- Iifektri zephepha
- Imizi-mveliso yokulungisa ukutya
- Imisebenzi yokwemba
- Uvavanyo lwe-pilot luqinisekisa:
- Ukukhetha imveliso ngokuchanekileyo
- Uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwedosi
- Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhambelana
Ukutsiba eli nyathelo kwandisa umngcipheko wokusebenza.
Indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-PDADMAC kuNyango lwaManzi
Inyathelo 1:
Yenza uHlalutyo oluBanzi lwaManzi
Hlalutya:
- Ukuxinana
- I-COD/BOD
- Izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo
- pH
- Ubushushu
- Ukuqhuba
Inyathelo lesi-2:
Yenza uvavanyo lweLebhu Jar
Lingisa:
- Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo edosi
- Ubunzima obahlukeneyo beemolekyuli
- Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa
Inyathelo lesi-3:
Sebenzisa izilingo zasentsimini ezilawulwayo
Qala ngokuthatha idosi ngendlela egcina imfuneko kunye nokujonga:
- Ixesha lokuhlala
- Iimpawu ze-sludge
- Umthwalo wefilitha
Inyathelo lesi-4:
Misela iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni
Uxwebhu:
- Amanani okulinganisa
- Ukuxuba amandla
- Uhlengahlengiso lwexesha lonyaka
Ukungaguquguquki kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle konyango.
I-PDADMAC kwizicelo zikaMasipala kunye nezeMizi-mveliso
Unyango lwamanzi okusela lukaMasipala
Iindawo ekugxilwe kuzo:
- Ukungcola okuphantsi
- Ukuthobela imithetho
- Iintsalela ezincinci
Iimpazamo zihlala ziquka ukusela kakhulu kunye nokuxuba kakubi.
Unyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
Iindawo ekugxilwe kuzo:
- I-COD ephezulu
- Izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonywe kakhulu
- Ulwakhiwo oluguquguqukayo
Iimpazamo zihlala ziquka ukukhethwa kwemveliso ngendlela engafanelekanga kunye nokungabikho kovavanyo lovavanyo.
Ukuthatha idosi egqithisileyo kunokubangela ukubuyiselwa kweendawo zokuhlala kwee-particles (i-sludge enamafu), kunyuse umthamo we-sludge, kwaye kunyuse iindleko zeekhemikhali.
Ewe, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kunokuncipha, kwaye uhlengahlengiso lwedosi ludla ngokuba yimfuneko.
Ewe. I-PDADMAC isetyenziswa rhoqo kunye ne-PAC ukuphucula ukujiya kwamalungu omzimba.
Ewe. Ubunzima beemolekyuli buchaphazela amandla okudibanisa kunye namandla e-floc.
I-PDADMAC sisixhobo esinamandla nesinokuguquguquka ekucoceni amanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekukhetheni ngokuchanekileyo, ukulungiswa kwedosi, ukuxuba ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokubeka esweni inkqubo.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo—ukusetyenziswa kwedosi ngendlela engalunganga, ukuxubana kakubi, ukudibana kweekhemikhali okungahambelaniyo, uvavanyo olunganelanga, kunye nokugcinwa ngendlela engafanelekanga—zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle konyango kwaye zonyuse iindleko zokusebenza.
Ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo lwelabhoratri, uvavanyo lovavanyo, kunye nolawulo lweekhemikhali oluqhutywa yidatha, izityalo zonyango lwamanzi zinokwenza oku kulandelayo:
- Phucula ukususwa kokungcola
- Nciphisa umthamo wodaka
- Ixabiso lonyango lilonke liphantsi
- Ukuphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo
Kwiingcali zonyango lwamanzi, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwePDADMAC akupheleli nje ekukhetheni i-polymer—kumalunga nokuyila icebo elipheleleyo nelisebenzayo lokujiya.
Ukuba ufuna isikhokelo sobugcisa okanye izisombululo zePDADMAC ezikumgangatho ophezulu zokucoca amanzi kamasipala okanye kwimizi-mveliso, ukusebenza nomthengisi onamava onika inkxaso yelabhoratri kunye neengcebiso ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yokusebenza kwexesha elide.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-03-2026
