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Indlela iPolyDADMAC ephucula ngayo unyango lwangaphambi konyango ngaphambi kokuba iPFAS isuse ubuchwepheshe

Unyango lwangaphambi konyango lwamanzi oluphambili

Izinto ezisetyenziswa yi-Per- kunye ne-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS), ezaziwa ngokuba “ziikhemikhali ezingapheliyo,” ziye zaba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ulawulo lokunyanga amanzi okusela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngenxa yokuqhubeka kwazo kwindawo ezingqongileyo kunye nokuchasana neenkqubo zonyango eziqhelekileyo, i-PFAS ikhuthaze iimfuno zokubeka esweni ezingqongqo kunye notyalo-mali olongezelelekileyo kubuchwepheshe obuphambili bonyango lwamanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zoLawulo lwe-PFAS eFransi nakwiManyano yaseYurophu

  • 12 Jan 2021
    Umyalelo (EU) 2020/2184 ngoMgangatho waManzi ojoliswe ekuSelweni kwabantu waqala ukusebenza, wazisa i-PFAS kwisakhelo solawulo lwamanzi okusela se-EU okokuqala. Lo myalelo wamisela amaxabiso alinganayo kwi-"PFAS Total" kunye ne-"Sum of PFAS", efuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu abandakanye ukubekwa kweliso kwi-PFAS kulawulo lwamanzi okusela.
  • 12 Jan 2023
    Amazwe angamalungu e-EU, kuquka neFrance, ayefuneka ukuba aguqulele uMyalelo (i-EU) 2020/2184 kumthetho wesizwe, eqala ukuphunyezwa kweemfuno ezintsha zokubeka esweni kunye nokuthobela i-PFAS.
  • 4 Epreli 2024
    Urhulumente waseFransi uqalise iSicwangciso sokuSebenza se-Interministerial PFAS (2024–2027), ebeka isicwangciso sikazwelonke sokuqinisa ukubekwa kweliso kwe-PFAS, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kwimizi-mveliso, ukuphucula ukujonga amanzi okusela, ukukhawulezisa uphando lwezenzululwazi, kunye nokuphucula ukucaca koluntu.
  • 12 Jan 2026
    Ixabiso le-PFAS parametric elisekwe phantsi koMyalelo (i-EU) 2020/2184 lisebenza ngokupheleleyo kulo lonke iManyano yaseYurophu. Ababoneleli ngamanzi kulindeleke ukuba bathobele imida enyanzelekileyo ye-PFAS emanzini okusela, nto leyo eyenza ukuba unyango lwangaphambi konyango kunye nokuphuculwa konyango oluphambili kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Nangona ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-granular activated carbon (GAC), i-ion exchange, i-nanofiltration (NF), kunye ne-reverse osmosis (RO) zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekunciphiseni i-PFAS, ukusebenza kakuhle kwazo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wamanzi angenayo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, i-turbidity, kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo (NOM) zinokukhawulezisa ukungcoliswa kwe-membrane, zonyuse umthwalo we-activated carbon, kwaye zonyuse iindleko zokusebenza.

Kule meko, ukuqina kwemithambo kunye nokucacisa okusebenzayo kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi.I-PolyDADMACkufaneleayithathwa njengekhemikhali yokususa i-PFAS ngokuthe ngqo. Endaweni yoko, isebenza njenge-cationic coagulant ene-charge-charge coagulant ephucula unyango lwangaphambi konyango ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-coagulation, ukunciphisa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, kunye nokudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe zonyango lwe-PFAS ezisezantsi.

Kule Nqaku

Kule nqaku, uza kufunda:

Kutheni Unyango Olusebenzayo Ngaphambi Konyango Lubalulekile Kunyango Lwamanzi Lwanamhlanje

Njengoko imigangatho yonyango lwamanzi iqhubeka nokutshintsha, kulindeleke ukuba iinkonzo zombane zisuse kungekuphela nje ungcoliseko oluqhelekileyo kodwa kwanongcoliseko oluvelayo ngelixa zigcina imisebenzi esebenzayo nengabizi kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bonyango obuphambili obufana ne-granular activated carbon (GAC), i-ion exchange, i-nanofiltration (NF), kunye ne-reverse osmosis (RO) ziye zanda kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo ixesha elide kuxhomekeke kakhulu kunyango olusebenzayo lwangaphambi konyango.

Unyango olubi lwangaphambi kokuba lunyangwe luvumela izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, ukudumba, kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo (NOM) ukuba zingene kwiinkqubo zonyango ezisezantsi. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zinokukhawulezisa ukungcoliswa kwe-membrane, zonyuse umthwalo we-activated carbon, zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo, kwaye zonyuse iindleko zokugcina kunye nokusebenza.

Iyasebenza ukujiya kunye nokucaciswa kunceda ukususa ezi zinto zingcolisayo ezingezizo ezijoliswe kuzo ngaphambi kokuba unyango oluphambili luqale. Ngokuphucula umgangatho wamanzi kwinqanaba langaphambi konyango, izityalo zamanzi zinokuphucula ukuthembeka nokusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo ezisezantsi ngelixa zandisa ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo zonyango.

Kwiinkqubo zonyango ezijongana nezinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nePFAS, unyango lwangaphambi konyango aluzisusi ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezijoliswe kuzo, kodwa lubonelela ngempembelelo ecocekileyo enceda ubuchwepheshe obuphambili busebenze ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo.

Icandelo lokuNyangwa kwaManzi kwiMizi-mveliso

Indlela iPolyDADMAC ephucula ngayo ukusebenza kweCoagulation

I-PolyDADMACixinene kakhului-polymer ye-cationicisetyenziswa kakhulu njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuhlanganisa okanye sokuncedisa ukuxinana kwamanzi okusela kunye nonyango lwamanzi emizi-mveliso. Ngokungafaniyo ne-inorganic coagulants ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-hydrolysis yetyuwa yesinyithi, i-PolyDAMAC isebenza ngokuyintloko ngokuthomalalisa itshaja, itshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza amasuntswana axhonyiweyo atshajwe kakubi kunye nee-colloids ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwee-flocs ezinkulu, ezixineneyo.

Olu lwakhiwo lwe-floc oluphuculweyo luphucula ukwahlulwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo ngexesha lokutsalwa kwenkunkuma kunye nokuhluzwa, okubangela ukuba kubekho ukudumba okuncinci kunye nokunciphisa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo emanzini acociweyo. Ngokuvelisa ii-floc eziqinileyo nezincinci ngakumbi, i-PolyDAMAC inokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucacisa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zamanzi aluhlaza, inceda izityalo zonyango zigcine ukusebenza okuzinzileyo.

Kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zonyango lwamanzi, ukujiya okusebenzayo kungaphezulu kwenyathelo eliqhelekileyo lonyango—kubeka isiseko seenkqubo ezisezantsi. Izixhobo zonyango ezicocekileyo ezingena kwiiyunithi zonyango eziphambili zinokunceda ukunciphisa umthwalo ongeyomfuneko wamasuntswana, ziphucule uzinzo lokusebenza, kwaye zixhase ukusebenza kakuhle kwezobuchwepheshe ezifana nokufunxwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo kunye nokuhluzwa kwe-membrane.

Nangona iPolyDADMAC ingenzelwanga ukususa iPFAS ngokuthe ngqo, amandla ayo okuphucula ukujiya kunye nokucacisa ayenza ibe yikhemikhali exabisekileyo yonyango lwangaphambi konyango kwiindlela zonyango apho kusetyenziswa khona ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokususa iPFAS. Ngokuphucula umgangatho wamanzi ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kwezi nkqubo zisezantsi, iPolyDADMAC inegalelo kwinkqubo yonyango ethembekileyo nesebenzayo ngokubanzi.

Ukunciphisa Izinto Eziqinileyo Ezixhonyiweyo Ngaphambi Konyango Oluphambili

Izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo zezinye zezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango lwamanzi eziphambili. Amasuntswana amancinci, ii-colloids, kunye nezinye izinto ezinganyibilikiyo zinokudlula kunyango olungaphelelanga lwangaphambi konyango, nto leyo enyusa umthwalo kwiiyunithi zonyango ezisezantsi kwaye ikhokelele kwiindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza nokugcinwa.

Ngokuphucula ukujiya kunye nokwakheka kwe-floc, i-PolyDADMAC inceda ekususeni izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo ngempumelelo ngakumbi ngexesha lokucaciswa kunye nokutsalwa kwenkunkuma. Ii-floc ezinkulu nezixineneyo zihlala lula, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amanzi acace ngakumbi angene kumanqanaba onyango alandelayo.

Ukunciphisa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo ngaphambi kokuba unyango oluphambili lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi zokusebenza, kuquka:

  • Umthwalo ophantsi wee-particles kwiinkqubo zonyango ezisezantsi
  • Ukucaciswa okuphuculweyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhluza
  • Ukusebenza okuzinzileyo ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko zamanzi aluhlaza ezitshintshayo
  • Iimfuno zolondolozo ezincitshisiweyo kwiinkqubo zonyango ezilandelayo

Nangona izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo zingeyiyo i-PFAS, ukunciphisa ubukho bazo ngexesha lonyango lwangaphambi konyango kudala iimeko zokusebenza ezilungileyo ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji ephucukileyo efana nokuhluzwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo kunye ne-membrane. Oku kuvumela ezi nkqubo ukuba zigxile ekususeni izinto ezingcolisayo ezijoliswe kuzo kunokusingatha izinto ezigqithisileyo, nto leyo enceda ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle konyango kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza.

Unyango lwangaphambi kweCarbon oluSebenzisiweyo oluneGranular

Ukuxhasa Ukusebenza kweKhabhoni eSebenzisiweyo

1. I-granular activated carbon (GAC) isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi oluphambili lokususa izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo, kuquka i-PFAS. I-GAC isusa kakhulu ii-PFAS ngokusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, ukusebenza kwayo kunokuchaphazeleka ngumgangatho wamanzi achaphazelekileyo. Amanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo (NOM) zinokuhlala kwiindawo zokufunxa, zonyuse ukulahleka kwentloko, kwaye zinciphise ubomi benkonzo esebenzayo yebhedi yekhabhoni.

Unxibelelwano lwe-electrostatic namaqela e-polyDADMAC e-quaternary ammonium functional groups luncede ekubopheni ii-ions eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic kunye neqela eliphambili lee-PFASs ezimfutshane, nto leyo evumela ukususwa kwe-PFAS ngokubanzi yi-GAC. Kwimeko enjalo, ukufunxwa kwee-anionic PFASs kunokuphuculwa ngokongezwa kwee-cationic polymers ezifana ne-poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC).

2. Unyango olusebenzayo lwangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwePolyDADMAC lunceda ukuphucula ukujiya kunye nokucaca, kunciphisa ubungakanani bezinto ezincinci kunye nomthwalo wendalo ongena kwinkqubo ye-GAC. I-Cleaner influent ivumela i-activated carbon ukuba isebenze phantsi kweemeko ezizinzileyo, inceda ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-adsorption kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-backwash okanye ukutshintshwa kwe-carbon.

Njengenxalenye yoqeqesho lonyango oluyilwe kakuhle, unyango lwangaphambi konyango oluphuculweyo lunokuba negalelo ekusebenzeni okuthembekileyo ngakumbi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko zeenkqubo ze-GAC ezisezantsi.

Nciphisa Ukungcola Kwe-Membrane Ngokucacisa Okungcono

Iitekhnoloji ze-membrane ezifana ne-ultrafiltration (UF), i-nanofiltration (NF), kunye ne-reverse osmosis (RO) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi lwanamhlanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kokuhlukana. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwe-membrane kuxhomekeke kakhulu kunyango olusebenzayo lwangaphambi konyango. Izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, kunye nezinto eziphilayo zendalo (NOM) ezingasuswanga ngokwaneleyo zinokuqokelelana kwiindawo ze-membrane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungcoleni, ekunciphiseni ukuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nokucoca rhoqo.

Ngokuphucula ukujiya kunye nokucaca, iPolyDADMAC inceda ekunciphiseni umthwalo weenxalenye ezingena kwiinkqubo zeenwebu. Ukususwa okusebenzayo kweenxalenye ezincinci kunye nee-colloids kumsinga kunceda ekucoceni impembelelo, okuvumela iinwebu ukuba zisebenze phantsi kweemeko ezizinzileyo.

Nangona iPolyDADMAC ingakuthinteli ukungcoliswa kwe-membrane ngokuthe ngqo, ukuphucula unyango lwangaphambi konyango kunokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwe-particulate, ukunciphisa amaxesha okucoca, kunye nokuxhasa imijikelo yokusebenza ixesha elide. Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yonyango edibeneyo, ukucaciswa okusebenzayo kunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kweenkqubo zokucoca i-membrane ezisezantsi.

Izicelo zePolyDADMAC kuNyango lwaManzi kaMasipala kunye noShishino

I-PolyDADMAC isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi lukamasipala nolwemizi-mveliso ngenxa yoxinano lwayo olukhulu lwe-cationic charge, ukusebenza kwayo ngokukhawuleza kokujiya, kunye nokuhambelana neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Ingasetyenziswa njenge-coagulant eyintloko okanye njenge-coagulant aid ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucacisa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zamanzi aluhlaza.

Kwindlela yokunyanga amanzi okusela kamasipala, iPolyDADMAC isetyenziswa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukudumba, izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, kunye namaqhekeza e-colloidal ngaphambi kokuhluzwa kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Unyango olusebenzayo lwangaphambi konyango lunceda ukuzinzisa umgangatho wamanzi kwaye luphucula ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango ezisezantsi, ngakumbi kwimithombo yamanzi engaphezulu apho ukuguquguquka kwexesha lonyaka kunokuchaphazela kakhulu umgangatho onempembelelo.

Kwindlela yokucoca amanzi kwimizi-mveliso, iPolyDADMAC isetyenziswa kumacandelo amaninzi, kuquka ukutya neziselo, ipulp nephepha, ilaphu, ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamanzi amdaka. Ngokuphucula ukwahlulwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokucacisa, inceda ukuphucula ukusebenza konyango ngelixa ixhasa ukusebenza kwezityalo okuzinzileyo.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha i-PolyDADMAC

Xa uvavanya iPolyDADMAC yonyango lwamanzi lukamasipala okanye lwemizi-mveliso, qwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • Ubuninzi betshaja:Ubuninzi beetshaji eziphezulu ngokubanzi bubonelela ngokunciphisa iitshaji ngamandla, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zifaneleke emanzini anezinga eliphezulu lee-colloids ezinetshaji engalunganga kunye namasuntswana axhonyiweyo.
  • Ugxininiso lweMveliso:I-Liquid PolyDADMAC ifumaneka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo. Ukukhetha uxinaniso olufanelekileyo kunokunceda ukulinganisela ukuchaneka kwedosi, amandla okugcina, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthutha.
  • Umgangatho Wamanzi Angavuthwanga:Iiparameters ezifana ne-turbidity, izinto eziqinileyo ezixotyulweyo, izinto eziphilayo zendalo (NOM), i-pH, kunye notshintsho lwexesha lonyaka zonke zichaphazela ukusebenza kwe-coagulation kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngexesha lokukhetha imveliso.
  • Ukuhambelana neenkqubo zonyango ezikhoyo:I-PolyDADMAC kufuneka ihlolwe kunye nee-coagulants ezikhoyo, ii-flocculants, iinkqubo zokulinganisa, kunye nobuchwepheshe bonyango olusezantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo ezinzileyo.
  • Uvavanyo lweeJar kunye novavanyo lovavanyo:Uvavanyo lwebhotile yelabhoratri kunye novavanyo lovavanyo oluqhutywa kwindawo yokusebenza luseyeyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokumisela idosi efanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza konyango phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza zokwenyani.

Ukukhetha inqanaba elifanelekileyo lePolyDADMAC kufuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lomgangatho wamanzi akho, iinjongo zonyango, kunye neenkcukacha zemveliso. Ukuba ungathanda ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga neendlela eziphambili zokukhetha, jonga inqaku lethu elinxulumene nalo:Indlela yokukhetha iPolyDADMAC eyiyo: Isikhokelo soKhetho oluSebenzayo.Igubungela izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nobunzima beemolekyuli, uxinano lwetshaja, i-viscosity, umxholo osebenzayo, kunye neengcebiso ezithile zesicelo.

Isiphelo

Nangona iPolyDADMAC ingenzelwanga ukususa iPFAS ngokuthe ngqo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa ngokuphucula ukujiya kunye nokucaca, ukunciphisa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, kunye nokudala impembelelo ecocekileyo kwiinkqubo zonyango ezisezantsi. Ezi zibonelelo zinokunceda ukuxhasa ukusebenza kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwe-membrane, kunye negalelo ekusebenzeni kwesityalo okuzinzileyo nokungabizi kakhulu.

Njengoko iFrance kunye neManyano yaseYurophu ziqhubeka nokuqinisa imithetho ye-PFAS, amaziko okunyanga amanzi agxininisa ngakumbi ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kweenkqubo zawo zokunyanga. Kwiinkonzo zamanzi zikamasipala kunye nezoshishino ngokufanayo, ukuphucula unyango lwangaphambi konyango kuba sisicwangciso esibalulekileyo sokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho wamanzi ezingqongqo ngakumbi. Ukukhetha iPolyDADMAC efanelekileyo kunye nokwenza ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngovavanyo olufanelekileyo kunokunceda ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle konyango ngokubanzi kunye nokuxhasa ukusebenza kwexesha elide kweenkqubo zokunyanga amanzi eziphambili.

Iireferensi kunye neeKhonkco ezisemthethweni:

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    • Ixesha leposi: Julayi-09-2026

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